Title: | Data Sets from Ramsey and Schafer's "Statistical Sleuth (2nd Ed)" |
---|---|
Description: | Data sets from Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002), "The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed)", Duxbury. |
Authors: | Original by F.L. Ramsey and D.W. Schafer; modifications by Daniel W. Schafer, Jeannie Sifneos and Berwin A. Turlach; vignettes contributed by Nicholas Horton, Kate Aloisio and Ruobing Zhang, with corrections by Randall Pruim |
Maintainer: | Berwin A Turlach <[email protected]> |
License: | GPL (>= 2) |
Version: | 2.0-7 |
Built: | 2024-10-27 05:36:58 UTC |
Source: | https://github.com/r-forge/sleuth2 |
Data sets from Ramsey and Schafer's "Statistical Sleuth (2nd ed)"
This package contains a variety of datasets. For a complete
list, use library(help="Sleuth2")
or
Sleuth2Manual()
.
Original by F.L. Ramsey and D.W. Schafer
Modifications by Daniel W Schafer, Jeannie Sifneos and Berwin A Turlach
Maintainer: Berwin A Turlach [email protected]
Data from an experiment concerning the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on creativity. Subjects with considerable experience in creative writing were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups.
case0101
case0101
A data frame with 47 observations on the following 2 variables.
Score
creativity score
Treatment
factor denoting the treatment group
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Amabile, T. (1985). Motivation and Creativity: Effects of Motivational Orientation on Creative Writers, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48(2): 393–399.
str(case0101) boxplot(Score~Treatment, case0101)
str(case0101) boxplot(Score~Treatment, case0101)
The data are the beginning salaries for all 32 male and all 61 female skilled, entry–level clerical employees hired by a bank between 1969 and 1977.
case0102
case0102
A data frame with 93 observations on the following 2 variables.
Salary
starting salaries (in US)
Sex
sex of the clerical employee
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Roberts, H.V. (1979). Harris Trust and Savings Bank: An Analysis of Employee Compensation, Report 7946, Center for Mathematical Studies in Business and Economics, University of Chicago Graduate School of Business.
str(case0102) boxplot(Salary~Sex, case0102)
str(case0102) boxplot(Salary~Sex, case0102)
As evidence in support of natural selection, Bumpus presented measurements on house sparrows brought to the Anatomical Laboratory of Brown University after an uncommonly severe winter storm. Some of these birds had survived and some had perished. Bumpus asked whether those that perished did so because they lacked physical characteristics enabling them to withstand the intensity of that particular instance of selective elimination. The data are on the humerus (arm bone) lengths for the 24 adult male sparrows that perished and for the 35 adult males that survived.
case0201
case0201
A data frame with 59 observations on the following 2 variables.
Humerus
Humerus length of adult male sparrows (in inches)
Status
factor variable indicating whether the sparrow perished or survived in a winter storm
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(case0201) with(subset(case0201, Status=="Perished"), stem(Humerus, scale=10)) with(subset(case0201, Status=="Survived"), stem(Humerus))
str(case0201) with(subset(case0201, Status=="Perished"), stem(Humerus, scale=10)) with(subset(case0201, Status=="Survived"), stem(Humerus))
Are any physiological indicators associated with schizophrenia? In a 1990 article, researchers reported the results of a study that controlled for genetic and socioeconomic differences by examining 15 pairs of monozygotic twins, where one of the twins was schizophrenic and the other was not. The researchers used magnetic resonance imaging to measure the volumes (in cm$^3$) of several regions and subregions of the twins' brains.
case0202
case0202
A data frame with 15 observations on the following 2 variables.
Unaffect
volume of left hippocampus of unaffected twin (in cm)
Affected
volume of left hippocampus of affected twin (in cm)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Suddath, R.L., Christison, G.W., Torrey, E.F., Casanova, M.F. and Weinberger, D.R. (1990). Anatomical Abnormalities in the Brains of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Schizophrenia, New England Journal of Medicine 322(12): 789–794.
str(case0202) with(case0202, stem(Unaffect-Affected, scale=2))
str(case0202) with(case0202, stem(Unaffect-Affected, scale=2))
Does dropping silver iodide onto clouds increase the amount of rainfall they produce? In a randomized experiment, researchers measured the volume of rainfall in a target area (in acre-feet) on 26 suitable days in which the clouds were seeded and on 26 suitble days in which the clouds were not seeded.
case0301
case0301
A data frame with 52 observations on the following 2 variables.
Rainfall
the volume of rainfall in the target area (in acre-feet)
Treatment
a factor with levels "Unseeded"
and
"Seeded"
indicating whether the clouds were unseeded or seeded.
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Simpson, J., Olsen, A., and Eden, J. (1975). A Bayesian Analysis of a Multiplicative Treatment Effect in Weather Modification. Technometrics 17: 161–166.
str(case0301) boxplot(Rainfall ~ Treatment, case0301) boxplot(log(Rainfall) ~ Treatment, case0301) library(lattice) bwplot(Treatment ~ log(Rainfall), case0301) bwplot(log(Rainfall) ~ Treatment, case0301)
str(case0301) boxplot(Rainfall ~ Treatment, case0301) boxplot(log(Rainfall) ~ Treatment, case0301) library(lattice) bwplot(Treatment ~ log(Rainfall), case0301) bwplot(log(Rainfall) ~ Treatment, case0301)
In 1987, researchers measured the TCDD concentration in blood samples from 646 U.S. veterans of the Vietnam War and from 97 U.S. veterans who did not serve in Vietnam. TCDD is a carcinogenic dioxin in the herbicide called Agent Orange, which was used to clear jungle hiding areas by the U.S. military in the Vietnam War between 1962 and 1970.
data(case0302)
data(case0302)
A data frame with 743 observations on the following 2 variables.
Dioxin
the concentration of TCDD, in parts per trillion
Veteran
factor variable with two levels,
"Vietnam"
and "Other"
, to indicate the type of veteran
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Centers for Disease Control Veterans Health Studies: Serum 2,3,7,8-Tetraclorodibenzo-p-dioxin Levels in U.S. Army Vietnam-era Veterans. Journal of the American Medical Association 260: 1249–1254.
str(case0302) boxplot(Dioxin ~ Veteran, case0302) t.test(Dioxin ~ Veteran, case0302) ## To examine results with largest dioxin omitted t.test(Dioxin ~ Veteran, case0302, subset=(Dioxin < 40))
str(case0302) boxplot(Dioxin ~ Veteran, case0302) t.test(Dioxin ~ Veteran, case0302) ## To examine results with largest dioxin omitted t.test(Dioxin ~ Veteran, case0302, subset=(Dioxin < 40))
The number of space shuttle O-ring incidents for 4 space shuttle launches when the air temperatures was below 65 degrees F and for 20 space shuttle launches when the air temperature was above 65 degrees F.
case0401
case0401
A data frame with 24 observations on the following 2 variables.
Incidents
the number of O-ring incidents
Launch
factor variable with two levels—"Cool"
and
"Warm"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Feynman, R.P. (1988). What do You Care What Other People Think? W. W. Norton.
str(case0401) stem(subset(case0401, Launch=="Cool", Incidents, drop=TRUE)) stem(subset(case0401, Launch=="Warm", Incidents, drop=TRUE))
str(case0401) stem(subset(case0401, Launch=="Cool", Incidents, drop=TRUE)) stem(subset(case0401, Launch=="Warm", Incidents, drop=TRUE))
Educational researchers randomly assigned 28 ninth-year students in Australia to receive coordinate geometry training in one of two ways: a conventional way and a modified way. After the training, the students were asked to solve a coordinate geometry problem. The time to complete the problem was recorded, but five students in the “conventional” group did not complete the solution in the five minute alloted time.
case0402
case0402
A data frame with 28 observations on the following 3 variables.
Time
the time (in seconds) that the student worked on the problem
Treatmt
factor variable with two
levels—"Modified"
and "Conventional"
Censor
1 if the individual did not complete the problem in 5 minutes, 0 if they did
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Sweller, J., Chandler, P., Tierney, P. and Cooper, M. (1990). Cognitive Load as a Factor in the Structuring of Technical Material, Journal of Experimental Psychology General 119(2): 176–192.
str(case0402) stem(subset(case0402, Treatmt=="Conventional", Time, drop=TRUE)) stem(subset(case0402, Treatmt=="Modified", Time, drop=TRUE)) wilcox.test(Time ~ Treatmt, case0402)
str(case0402) stem(subset(case0402, Treatmt=="Conventional", Time, drop=TRUE)) stem(subset(case0402, Treatmt=="Modified", Time, drop=TRUE)) wilcox.test(Time ~ Treatmt, case0402)
Female mice were randomly assigned to six treatment groups to investigate whether restricting dietary intake increases life expectancy. Diet treatments were:
"NP"
—mice ate unlimited amount of nonpurified, standard
diet
"N/N85"
—mice fed normally before and after weaning.
After weaning, ration was controlled at 85 kcal/wk
"N/R50"
—normal diet before weaning and reduced calorie
diet (50 kcal/wk) after weaning
"R/R50"
—reduced calorie diet of 50 kcal/wk both before
and after weaning
"N/R50 lopro"
—normal diet before weaning, restricted
diet (50 kcal/wk) after weaning and dietary protein content
decreased with advancing age
"N/R40"
—normal diet before weaning and reduced diet (40
Kcal/wk) after weaning.
case0501
case0501
A data frame with 349 observations on the following 2 variables.
Lifetime
the lifetime of the mice (in months)
Diet
factor variable with six levels—"NP"
,
"N/N85"
, "lopro"
, "N/R50"
, "R/R50"
and
"N/R40"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Weindruch, R., Walford, R.L., Fligiel, S. and Guthrie D. (1986). The Retardation of Aging in Mice by Dietary Restriction: Longevity, Cancer, Immunity and Lifetime Energy Intake, Journal of Nutrition 116(4):641–54.
str(case0501) boxplot(Lifetime~Diet, width=c(rep(.8,6)), data=case0501, xlab="Diet", ylab="Lifetime in months") summary(subset(case0501, Diet=="NP", Lifetime))
str(case0501) boxplot(Lifetime~Diet, width=c(rep(.8,6)), data=case0501, xlab="Diet", ylab="Lifetime in months") summary(subset(case0501, Diet=="NP", Lifetime))
In 1968, Dr. Benjamin Spock was tried in Boston on charges of conspiring to violate the Selective Service Act by encouraging young men to resist being drafted into military service for Vietnam. The defence in the case challenged the method of jury selection claiming that women were underrepresented. Boston juries are selected in three stages. First 300 names are selected at random from the City Directory, then a venire of 30 or more jurors is selected from the initial list of 300 and finally, an actual jury is selected from the venire in a nonrandom process allowing each side to exclude certain jurors. There was one woman on the venire and no women on the final list. The defence argued that the judge in the trial had a history of venires in which women were systematically underrepresented and compared the judge's recent venires with the venires of six other Boston area district judges.
case0502
case0502
A data frame with 46 observations on the following 2 variables.
Percent
is the percent of women on the venire's of the Spock trial judge and 6 other Boston area judges
Judge
a factor with levels "Spock's"
, "A"
,
"B"
, "C"
, "D"
, "E"
and "F"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Zeisel, H. and Kalven, H. Jr. (1972). Parking Tickets and Missing Women: Statistics and the Law in Tanur, J.M. et al. (eds.) Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown, Holden-Day.
str(case0502) boxplot(Percent~Judge, data=case0502, xlab="Judge",ylab="Percentage of Women") percent.spocks <- subset(case0502, Judge == "Spock's", Percent) percent.others <- subset(case0502, Judge != "Spock's", Percent) t.test( percent.spocks,percent.others) summary(aov(Percent~Judge, case0502, subset = Judge != "Spock's")) #as in Display 5.10 summary(aov(Percent~Judge, case0502))
str(case0502) boxplot(Percent~Judge, data=case0502, xlab="Judge",ylab="Percentage of Women") percent.spocks <- subset(case0502, Judge == "Spock's", Percent) percent.others <- subset(case0502, Judge != "Spock's", Percent) t.test( percent.spocks,percent.others) summary(aov(Percent~Judge, case0502, subset = Judge != "Spock's")) #as in Display 5.10 summary(aov(Percent~Judge, case0502))
Study explores how physical handicaps affect people's perception of employment qualifications. Researchers prepared 5 videotaped job interviews using actors with a script designed to reflect an interview with an applicant of average qualifications. The 5 tapes differed only in that the applicant appeared with a different handicap in each one. Seventy undergraduate students were randomly assigned to view the tapes and rate the qualification of the applicant on a 0-10 point scale.
case0601
case0601
A data frame with 70 observations on the following 2 variables.
Score
is the score each student gave to the applicant
Handicap
is a factor variable with 5
levels—"None"
, "Amputee"
, "Crutches"
,
"Hearing"
and "Wheelchair"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Cesare, S.J., Tannenbaum, R.J. and Dalessio, A. (1990). Interviewers' Decisions Related to Applicant Handicap Type and Rater Empathy, Human Performance 3(3): 157–171.
str(case0601) boxplot(Score~Handicap, data=case0601, ylab="Score") aov.handicap <- aov(Score ~ Handicap, case0601) summary(aov.handicap) TukeyHSD(aov.handicap) #Calculate confidence interval for linear combination #(wheelchair+crutches)/2 - (amputee+hearing)/2 as in Display 6.4 mean.handicaps <- with(case0601, tapply(Score, Handicap, mean)) var.handicaps <- with(case0601, tapply(Score, Handicap, var)) n <- 14 s.pooled <- sqrt(sum((n-1)*var.handicaps)/sum((n-1)*5)) ## either cr.wh <- mean.handicaps["Wheelchair"] + mean.handicaps["Crutches"] am.he <- mean.handicaps["Amputee"] + mean.handicaps["Hearing"] g <- cr.wh/2 - am.he/2 ## or contr <- c(0, -1, 1, -1, 1)/2 g <- sum(contr * mean.handicaps) se.g <- s.pooled * sqrt(sum(contr^2)/n) t.65 <- qt(.975, 65) ## ci g + c(-1,1) * t.65 * se.g
str(case0601) boxplot(Score~Handicap, data=case0601, ylab="Score") aov.handicap <- aov(Score ~ Handicap, case0601) summary(aov.handicap) TukeyHSD(aov.handicap) #Calculate confidence interval for linear combination #(wheelchair+crutches)/2 - (amputee+hearing)/2 as in Display 6.4 mean.handicaps <- with(case0601, tapply(Score, Handicap, mean)) var.handicaps <- with(case0601, tapply(Score, Handicap, var)) n <- 14 s.pooled <- sqrt(sum((n-1)*var.handicaps)/sum((n-1)*5)) ## either cr.wh <- mean.handicaps["Wheelchair"] + mean.handicaps["Crutches"] am.he <- mean.handicaps["Amputee"] + mean.handicaps["Hearing"] g <- cr.wh/2 - am.he/2 ## or contr <- c(0, -1, 1, -1, 1)/2 g <- sum(contr * mean.handicaps) se.g <- s.pooled * sqrt(sum(contr^2)/n) t.65 <- qt(.975, 65) ## ci g + c(-1,1) * t.65 * se.g
Do female Platyfish prefer male Platyfish with yellow swordtails? A.L. Basolo proposed and tested a selection model in which females have a pre-existing bias for a male trait even before the males possess it. Six pairs of males were surgically given artificial, plastic swordtails—one pair received a bright yellow sword, the other a transparent sword. Females were given the opportunity to engage in courtship activity with either of the males. Of the total time spent by each female engaged in courtship during a 20 minute observation period, the percentages of time spent with the yellow-sword male were recorded.
case0602
case0602
A data frame with 84 observations on the following 3 variables.
Proportion
The proportion of courtship time spent by 84 females with the yellow-sword males
Pair
Factor variable with 6 levels—"Pair 1"
,
"Pair 2"
, "Pair 3"
, "Pair 4"
, "Pair 5"
and
"Pair 6"
Length
Body size of the males
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Basolo, A.L. (1990). Female Preference Predates the Evolution of the Sword in Swordtail Fish, Science 250: 808–810.
str(case0602) boxplot(Proportion~Pair, case0602, ylab="Proportion") #as in Display 6.5 summary(aov(Proportion~Pair, case0602)) n.fish <- with(case0602, tapply(Proportion, Pair, length)) av.fish <- with(case0602, tapply(Proportion, Pair, mean)) sd.fish <- with(case0602, tapply(Proportion, Pair, sd)) male.body.size <- with(case0602, tapply(Length, Pair, unique)) mean.body <- mean(male.body.size) table.fish <- data.frame(n.fish, round(av.fish*100,2), round(sd.fish*100,2), male.body.size, 2*(male.body.size-mean.body)) names(table.fish) <- c("n", "average", "sd", "male.body.size", "coefficient") s.pooled <- with(table.fish, round(sqrt(sum(sd^2*(n-1))/sum(n-1)),2)) g <- with(table.fish, sum(average*coefficient)) se.g <- with(table.fish, round(s.pooled*sqrt(sum(coefficient^2/n)),2)) g/se.g
str(case0602) boxplot(Proportion~Pair, case0602, ylab="Proportion") #as in Display 6.5 summary(aov(Proportion~Pair, case0602)) n.fish <- with(case0602, tapply(Proportion, Pair, length)) av.fish <- with(case0602, tapply(Proportion, Pair, mean)) sd.fish <- with(case0602, tapply(Proportion, Pair, sd)) male.body.size <- with(case0602, tapply(Length, Pair, unique)) mean.body <- mean(male.body.size) table.fish <- data.frame(n.fish, round(av.fish*100,2), round(sd.fish*100,2), male.body.size, 2*(male.body.size-mean.body)) names(table.fish) <- c("n", "average", "sd", "male.body.size", "coefficient") s.pooled <- with(table.fish, round(sqrt(sum(sd^2*(n-1))/sum(n-1)),2)) g <- with(table.fish, sum(average*coefficient)) se.g <- with(table.fish, round(s.pooled*sqrt(sum(coefficient^2/n)),2)) g/se.g
Hubble's initial data on 24 nebulae outside the Milky Way.
case0701
case0701
A data frame with 24 observations on the following 2 variables.
Velocity
recession velocity (in kilometres per second)
Distance
distance from earth (in magaparsec)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Hubble, E. (1929). A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extragalactic Nebulae, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 15: 168–173.
str(case0701) plot(case0701)
str(case0701) plot(case0701)
A certain kind of meat processing may begin once the pH in postmortem muscle of a steer carcass has decreased sufficiently. To estimate the timepoint at which pH has dropped sufficiently, 10 steer carcasses were assigned to be measured for pH at one of five times after slaughter.
case0702
case0702
A data frame with 10 observations on the following 2 variables.
Time
time after slaughter (hours)
pH
pH level in postmortem muscle
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Schwenke, J.R. and Milliken, G.A. (1991). On the Calibration Problem Extended to Nonlinear Models, Biometrics 47(2): 563–574.
str(case0702) plot(case0702)
str(case0702) plot(case0702)
The data are the numbers of reptile and amphibian species and the island areas for seven islands in the West Indies.
case0801
case0801
A data frame with 7 observations on the following 2 variables.
Area
area of island (in square miles)
Species
number of reptile and amphibian species on island
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(case0801) plot(case0801)
str(case0801) plot(case0801)
In an industrial laboratory, under uniform conditions, batches of electrical insulating fluid were subjected to constant voltages until the insulating property of the fluids broke down. Seven different voltage levels were studied and the measured reponses were the times until breakdown.
case0802
case0802
A data frame with 76 observations on the following 3 variables.
Time
times until breakdown (in minutes)
Voltage
voltage applied (in kV)
Group
factor variable (group number)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(case0802) plot(log(Time)~Voltage, case0802)
str(case0802) plot(log(Time)~Voltage, case0802)
Meadowfoam is a small plant found growing in moist meadows of the US Pacific Northwest. Researchers reported the results from one study in a series designed to find out how to elevate meadowfoam production to a profitable crop. In a controlled growth chamber, they focused on the effects of two light–related factors: light intensity and the timeing of the onset of the ligth treatment.
case0901
case0901
A data frame with 24 observations on the following 3 variables.
Flowers
average number of flowers per meadowfoam plant
Time
time light intensity regiments started
Intens
light intensity (in mol/m
/sec)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(case0901) plot(Flowers~Intens, case0901, pch= ifelse(Time=="Early", 19, 21))
str(case0901) plot(Flowers~Intens, case0901, pch= ifelse(Time=="Early", 19, 21))
The data are the average values of brain weight, body weight, gestation lengths (length of pregnancy) and litter size for 96 species of mammals.
case0902
case0902
A data frame with 96 observations on the following 5 variables.
Species
species
Brain
average brain weight (in grams)
Body
average body weight (in kilograms)
Gestation
gestation period (in days)
Litter
average litter size
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(case0902) pairs(log(Brain)~log(Body)+log(Litter)+Gestation, case0902)
str(case0902) pairs(log(Brain)~log(Body)+log(Litter)+Gestation, case0902)
In 1609 Galileo proved mathematically that the trajectory of a body falling with a horizontal velocity component is a parabola. His search for an experimental setting in which horizontal motion was not affected appreciably (to study inertia) let him to construct a certain apparatus. The data comes from one of his experiments.
case1001
case1001
A data frame with 7 observations on the following 2 variables.
Distance
horizontal distances (in punti)
Height
initial height (in punti)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(case1001) plot(Distance ~ Height, case1001)
str(case1001) plot(Distance ~ Height, case1001)
The data are on in–flight energy expenditure and body mass from 20 energy studies on three types of flying vertebrates: echolocating bats, non–echolocating bats and non–echolocating birds.
case1002
case1002
A data frame with 20 observations on the following 4 variables.
Species
species
Mass
mass (in grams)
Type
a factor with 3 levels indicating the type of flying vertebrate
Energy
in–flight energy expenditure (in W)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Speakman, J.R. and Racey, P.A. (1991). No cost of Echolocation for Bats in Flight, Nature 350: 421–423.
str(case1002) plot(log(Energy)~log(Mass), case1002, pch = ifelse(Type=="echolocating bats", 19, ifelse(Type=="non-echolocating birds", 21, 24))) plot(Energy~Mass, case1002, log="xy", xlab = "Body Mass (g) (log scale)", ylab = "Energy Expenditure (W) (log scale)", pch = ifelse(Type=="echolocating bats", 19, ifelse(Type=="non-echolocating birds", 21, 24))) legend(7, 50, pch=c(24, 21, 19), c("Non-echolocating bats", "Non-echolocating birds","Echolocating bats")) library(lattice) yticks <- c(1,2,5,10,20,50) xticks <- c(10,20,50,100,200,500) xyplot(Energy ~ Mass, case1002, groups=Type, scales = list(log=TRUE, y=list(at=yticks), x=list(at=xticks)), ylab = "Energy Expenditure (W) (log scale)", xlab = "Body Mass (g) (log scale)", auto.key = list(x = 0.2, y = 0.9, corner = c(0, 1), border = TRUE))
str(case1002) plot(log(Energy)~log(Mass), case1002, pch = ifelse(Type=="echolocating bats", 19, ifelse(Type=="non-echolocating birds", 21, 24))) plot(Energy~Mass, case1002, log="xy", xlab = "Body Mass (g) (log scale)", ylab = "Energy Expenditure (W) (log scale)", pch = ifelse(Type=="echolocating bats", 19, ifelse(Type=="non-echolocating birds", 21, 24))) legend(7, 50, pch=c(24, 21, 19), c("Non-echolocating bats", "Non-echolocating birds","Echolocating bats")) library(lattice) yticks <- c(1,2,5,10,20,50) xticks <- c(10,20,50,100,200,500) xyplot(Energy ~ Mass, case1002, groups=Type, scales = list(log=TRUE, y=list(at=yticks), x=list(at=xticks)), ylab = "Energy Expenditure (W) (log scale)", xlab = "Body Mass (g) (log scale)", auto.key = list(x = 0.2, y = 0.9, corner = c(0, 1), border = TRUE))
These data were collected on 18 women and 14 men to investigate a certain theory on why women exhibit a lower tolerance for alcohol and develop alcohol–related liver disease more readily than men.
case1101
case1101
A data frame with 32 observations on the following 5 variables.
Subject
subject number in the study
Metabol
first–pass metabolism of alcohol in the stomach (in mmol/liter-hour)
Gastric
gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the stomach
(in mol/min/g of tissue)
Sex
sex of the subject
Alcohol
whether the subject is alcoholic or not
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(case1101) plot(Metabol~Gastric, case1101, pch=ifelse(Sex=="Female", 19, 21), col=ifelse(Alcohol=="Alcoholic", "red", "green")) legend(1,12, pch=c(19,21,19,21), col=c("green","green", "red", "red"), c("Non-alcoholic Females", "Non-alcoholic Males", "Alcoholic Females", "Alcoholic Males")) library(lattice) xyplot(Metabol~Gastric|Sex*Alcohol, case1101) xyplot(Metabol~Gastric, case1101, groups=Sex:Alcohol, auto.key=list(x=0.2, y=0.8, corner=c(0,0), border=TRUE))
str(case1101) plot(Metabol~Gastric, case1101, pch=ifelse(Sex=="Female", 19, 21), col=ifelse(Alcohol=="Alcoholic", "red", "green")) legend(1,12, pch=c(19,21,19,21), col=c("green","green", "red", "red"), c("Non-alcoholic Females", "Non-alcoholic Males", "Alcoholic Females", "Alcoholic Males")) library(lattice) xyplot(Metabol~Gastric|Sex*Alcohol, case1101) xyplot(Metabol~Gastric, case1101, groups=Sex:Alcohol, auto.key=list(x=0.2, y=0.8, corner=c(0,0), border=TRUE))
The human brain is protected from bacteria and toxins, which course through the blood–stream, by a single layer of cells called the blood–brain barrier. These data come from an experiment (on rats, which possess a similar barrier) to study a method of disrupting the barrier by infusing a solution of concentrated sugars.
case1102
case1102
A data frame with 34 observations on the following 9 variables.
Brain
Brain tumor count (per gm)
Liver
Liver count (per gm)
Time
Sacrifice time (in hours)
Treat
Treatment received
Days
Days post inoculation
Sex
Sex of the rat
Weight
Initial weight (in grams)
Loss
Weight loss (in grams)
Tumor
Tumor weight (in 10 grams)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(case1102) plot(Brain/Liver ~ Time, case1102, log="xy", pch=ifelse(Treat=="BD", 19,21)) legend(10,0.1, pch=c(19,21), c("Saline control", "Barrier disruption"))
str(case1102) plot(Brain/Liver ~ Time, case1102, log="xy", pch=ifelse(Treat=="BD", 19,21)) legend(10,0.1, pch=c(19,21), c("Saline control", "Barrier disruption"))
Data on the average SAT scores for US states in 1982 and possible associated factors.
case1201
case1201
A data frame with 50 observations on the following 8 variables.
State
US state
SAT
state averages of the total SAT (verbal + quantitative) scores
Takers
the percentage of the total eligible students (high school seniors) in the state who took the exam
Income
the median income of families of test–takers (in hundreds of dollars)
Years
the average number of years that the test–takers had formal studies in social sciences, natural sciences and humanities
Public
the percentage of the test–takers who attended public secondary schools
Expend
the total state expenditure on secondary schools (in hundreds of dollars per student)
Rank
the median percentile ranking of the test–takers within their secondary school classes
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(case1201) pairs(SAT~Rank+Years+Income+Public+Expend, case1201)
str(case1201) pairs(SAT~Rank+Years+Income+Public+Expend, case1201)
Data on employees from one job category (skilled, entry–level clerical) of a bank that was sued for sex discrimination. The data are on 32 male and 61 female employees, hired between 1965 and 1975.
case1202
case1202
A data frame with 93 observations on the following 7 variables.
Bsal
Annual salary at time of hire
Sal77
Salary as of March 1975
Sex
Sex of employee
Senior
Seniority (months since first hired)
Age
Age of employee (in months)
Educ
Education (in years)
Exper
Work experience prior to employment with the bank (months)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Roberts, H.V. (1979). Harris Trust and Savings Bank: An Analysis of Employee Compensation, Report 7946, Center for Mathematical Studies in Business and Economics, University of Chicago Graduate School of Business.
str(case1202) pairs(Sal77~Bsal+Senior+Age+Exper, case1202)
str(case1202) pairs(Sal77~Bsal+Senior+Age+Exper, case1202)
To study the influence of ocean grazers on regeneration rates of seaweed in the intertidal zone, a researcher scraped rock plots free of seaweed and observed the degree of regeneration when certain types of seaweed-grazing animals were denied access. The grazers were limpets (L), small fishes (f) and large fishes (F). Each plot received one of six treatments named by which grazers were allowed access. In addition, the researcher applied the treatments in eight blocks of 12 plots each. Within each block she randomly assigned treatments to plots. The blocks covered a wide range of tidal conditions.
case1301
case1301
A data frame with 96 observations on the following 3 variables.
Cover
percent of regenerated seaweed cover
Block
a factor with levels "B1"
, "B2"
,
"B3"
, "B4"
, "B5"
, "B6"
, "B7"
and "B8"
Treat
a factor indicating treatment, with levels
"C"
, "f"
, "fF"
, "L"
, "Lf"
and
"LfF"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Olson, A. (1993). Evolutionary and Ecological Interactions Affecting Seaweeds, Ph.D. Thesis. Oregon State University.
str(case1301) # full two-way model with interactions fitfull <- aov(Cover ~ Treat*Block, case1301) # Residual plot indicates a transformation might help plot(fitfull) # Log of seaweed "regeneration ratio" y <- with(case1301, log(Cover/(100-Cover))) # Full two-way model with interactions fitfull <- aov(y~Treat*Block, case1301) # No problems indicated by residual plot plot(fitfull) # Note that interactions are not statistically significant anova(fitfull) # Additive model (no interactions) fitadditive <- aov(y ~ Treat + Block, case1301) # Make indicator variables for presence of limpets, small fish, and large fish lmp <- with(case1301, ifelse(Treat %in% c("L", "Lf", "LfF"), 1, 0)) sml <- with(case1301, ifelse(Treat %in% c("f", "fF", "Lf", "LfF"), 1, 0)) big <- with(case1301, ifelse(Treat %in% c("fF", "LfF"), 1, 0)) fitsimple <- lm(y ~ Block + lmp + sml + big, case1301) # Model with main effects of 3 "presence" factors seems ok. anova(fitsimple, fitadditive) summary(fitsimple, cor=FALSE)
str(case1301) # full two-way model with interactions fitfull <- aov(Cover ~ Treat*Block, case1301) # Residual plot indicates a transformation might help plot(fitfull) # Log of seaweed "regeneration ratio" y <- with(case1301, log(Cover/(100-Cover))) # Full two-way model with interactions fitfull <- aov(y~Treat*Block, case1301) # No problems indicated by residual plot plot(fitfull) # Note that interactions are not statistically significant anova(fitfull) # Additive model (no interactions) fitadditive <- aov(y ~ Treat + Block, case1301) # Make indicator variables for presence of limpets, small fish, and large fish lmp <- with(case1301, ifelse(Treat %in% c("L", "Lf", "LfF"), 1, 0)) sml <- with(case1301, ifelse(Treat %in% c("f", "fF", "Lf", "LfF"), 1, 0)) big <- with(case1301, ifelse(Treat %in% c("fF", "LfF"), 1, 0)) fitsimple <- lm(y ~ Block + lmp + sml + big, case1301) # Model with main effects of 3 "presence" factors seems ok. anova(fitsimple, fitadditive) summary(fitsimple, cor=FALSE)
One company of soldiers in each of 10 platoons was assigned to a Pygmalion treatment group, with remaining companies in the platoon assigned to a control group. Leaders of the Pygmalion platoons were told their soldiers had done particularly well on a battery of tests which were, in fact, non-existent. In this randomised block experiment, platoons are experimental units, companies are blocks, and average Practical Specialty test score for soldiers in a platoon is the response. The researchers wished to see if the platoon response was affected by the artificially-induced expectations of the platoon leader.
case1302
case1302
A data frame with 29 observations on the following 3 variables.
Company
a factor indicating company identification,
with levels "C1"
, "C2"
, ..., "C10"
Treat
a factor indicating treatment with two levels,
"Pygmalion"
and "Control"
Score
average score on practical specialty test of all soldiers in the platoon
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Eden, D. (1990). Pygmalion Without Interpersonal Contrast Effects: Whole Groups Gain from Raising Manager Expectations, Journal of Applied Psychology 75(4): 395–398.
str(case1302) # two-way model with interactions fitfull <- aov(Score ~ Company*Treat, case1302) # No problems are indicated by residual plot plot(fitfull) # Interaction terms are not statistically significant anova(fitfull) # Additive model, with "treatment contrast" for treatment: fitadditive <- aov(Score ~ Company + Treat, case1302) # Interpret treatment effect as coefficient of Treat anova(fitadditive)
str(case1302) # two-way model with interactions fitfull <- aov(Score ~ Company*Treat, case1302) # No problems are indicated by residual plot plot(fitfull) # Interaction terms are not statistically significant anova(fitfull) # Additive model, with "treatment contrast" for treatment: fitadditive <- aov(Score ~ Company + Treat, case1302) # Interpret treatment effect as coefficient of Treat anova(fitadditive)
Researchers taught each of 4 chimps to learn 10 words in American sign language and recorded the learning time for each word for each chimp. They wished to describe chimp differences and word differences.
case1401
case1401
A data frame with 40 observations on the following 3 variables.
Minutes
learning time in minutes
Chimp
a factor indicating chimp, with four levels
"Booee"
, "Cindy"
, "Bruno"
and "Thelma"
Sign
a factor indicating word taught, with 10 levels
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Fouts, R.S. (1973). Acquisition and Testing of Gestural Signs in Four Young Chimpanzees, Science 180: 978-980.
str(case1401) fitadditive <- aov(Minutes ~ Chimp + Sign, case1401) # Residual plot indicates a transformation may help plot(fitadditive) fitadditive <- aov(log(Minutes) ~ Chimp + Sign, case1401) # No problems are indicated by residual plot plot(fitadditive) anova(fitadditive) # Tukey multiple comparisons of sign differences mcSign <- TukeyHSD(fitadditive,"Sign") mcSign plot(mcSign) mcChimp <- TukeyHSD(fitadditive,"Chimp") mcChimp par(cex=.7) plot(mcChimp)
str(case1401) fitadditive <- aov(Minutes ~ Chimp + Sign, case1401) # Residual plot indicates a transformation may help plot(fitadditive) fitadditive <- aov(log(Minutes) ~ Chimp + Sign, case1401) # No problems are indicated by residual plot plot(fitadditive) anova(fitadditive) # Tukey multiple comparisons of sign differences mcSign <- TukeyHSD(fitadditive,"Sign") mcSign plot(mcSign) mcChimp <- TukeyHSD(fitadditive,"Chimp") mcChimp par(cex=.7) plot(mcChimp)
In a completely randomized design with a 2x3x5 factorial treatment structure, researchers randomly assigned one of 30 treatment combinations to open-topped growing chambers, in which two soybean cultivars were planted. The responses for each chamber were the yields of the two types of soybean.
case1402
case1402
A data frame with 30 observations on the following 5 variables.
Stress
a factor indicating treatment, with two levels
"Well-watered"
and "Stressed"
SO2
a quantitative treatment with three levels 0, 0.02 and 0.06
O3
a quantitative treatment with five levels 0.02, 0.05, 0.07, 0.08 and 0.10
Forrest
the yield of the Forrest cultivar of soybean (in kg/ha)
William
the yield of the Williams cultivar of soybean (in kg/ha)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Heggestad, H.E. and Lesser, V.M. (1990). Effects of Chronic Doses of Sulfur Dioxide, Ozone, and Drought on Yields and Growth of Soybeans Under Field Conditions, Journal of Environmental Quality 19: 488–495.
str(case1402) plot(Forrest ~ O3, case1402, log="y", pch=ifelse(Stress=="Stressed",19,21)) plot(Forrest ~ SO2, case1402, log="y", pch=ifelse(Stress=="Stressed",19,21)) fitbig <- lm(log(Forrest) ~ O3*SO2*Stress, case1402) # Residual plot does not indicate any problem. plot(fitbig) # The 3-factor interaction is not statistically significant. anova(fitbig) # Drop the three-factor interaction fit2 <- update(fitbig, ~ . - O3:SO2:Stress) anova(fit2) fitadditive <- lm(log(Forrest) ~ O3 + SO2 + Stress, case1402) summary(fitadditive)
str(case1402) plot(Forrest ~ O3, case1402, log="y", pch=ifelse(Stress=="Stressed",19,21)) plot(Forrest ~ SO2, case1402, log="y", pch=ifelse(Stress=="Stressed",19,21)) fitbig <- lm(log(Forrest) ~ O3*SO2*Stress, case1402) # Residual plot does not indicate any problem. plot(fitbig) # The 3-factor interaction is not statistically significant. anova(fitbig) # Drop the three-factor interaction fit2 <- update(fitbig, ~ . - O3:SO2:Stress) anova(fit2) fitadditive <- lm(log(Forrest) ~ O3 + SO2 + Stress, case1402) summary(fitadditive)
Data from an observational study of nitrate levels measured at three week intervals for five years in two watersheds. One of the watersheds was undisturbed and the other had been logged with a patchwork pattern.
case1501
case1501
A data frame with 88 observations on the following 3 variables.
Week
week after the start of the study
Patch
residual nitrate level in the logged watershed (ppm) (see Display 15.3 of Statistical Sleuth)
Nocut
residual nitrate level in the undisturbed watershed (ppm)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Harr, R.D., Friderksen, R.L., and Rothacher, J. (1979). Changes in Streamflow Following Timber Harvests in Southwestern Oregon, USDA/USFS Research Paper PNW-249, Pacific NW Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon.
str(case1501) par(mfrow=c(2,1)) # Make 2 plots on one page plot(Nocut ~ Week, case1501) plot(Patch ~ Week, case1501) par(mfrow=c(1,1)) lag.plot(case1501$Nocut,do.lines=FALSE) lag.plot(case1501$Patch,do.lines=FALSE) # Compute pooled estimate of first autocorrelation coefficient # First auto covariance, Nocut ac1nocut <- acf(case1501$Nocut,lag.max=1,type="covariance",plot=FALSE)$acf[2] n <- length(case1501$Nocut) # Zeroth autocovariance for Nocut ac0nocut <- var(case1501$Nocut[2:n])*(n-2)/(n-1) # First auto covariance, Patch ac1patch <- acf(case1501$Patch,lag.max=1,type="covariance",plot=FALSE)$acf[2] # Zeroth autocovariance for PATCH ac0patch <- var(case1501$Patch [2:n])*(n-2)/(n-1) ac1pool <- (ac1nocut + ac1patch)/2 ac0pool <- (ac0nocut + ac0patch)/2 acorr1 <- ac1pool/ac0pool acorr1 # Pooled estimate of first lag serial coefficient
str(case1501) par(mfrow=c(2,1)) # Make 2 plots on one page plot(Nocut ~ Week, case1501) plot(Patch ~ Week, case1501) par(mfrow=c(1,1)) lag.plot(case1501$Nocut,do.lines=FALSE) lag.plot(case1501$Patch,do.lines=FALSE) # Compute pooled estimate of first autocorrelation coefficient # First auto covariance, Nocut ac1nocut <- acf(case1501$Nocut,lag.max=1,type="covariance",plot=FALSE)$acf[2] n <- length(case1501$Nocut) # Zeroth autocovariance for Nocut ac0nocut <- var(case1501$Nocut[2:n])*(n-2)/(n-1) # First auto covariance, Patch ac1patch <- acf(case1501$Patch,lag.max=1,type="covariance",plot=FALSE)$acf[2] # Zeroth autocovariance for PATCH ac0patch <- var(case1501$Patch [2:n])*(n-2)/(n-1) ac1pool <- (ac1nocut + ac1patch)/2 ac0pool <- (ac0nocut + ac0patch)/2 acorr1 <- ac1pool/ac0pool acorr1 # Pooled estimate of first lag serial coefficient
The data are the temperatures (in degrees Celsius) averaged for the northern hemisphere over a full year, for years 1880 to 1987. The 108-year average temperature has been subtracted, so each observation is the temperature difference from the series average.
case1502
case1502
A data frame with 108 observations on the following 2 variables.
Year
year in which yearly average temperature was computed, from 1880 to 1987
Temp
northern hemisphere temperature minus the 108-year average (degrees Celsius)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Jones, P.D. (1988). Hemispheric Surface Air Temperature Variations—Recent Trends Plus an Update to 1987, Journal of Climatology 1: 654–660.
str(case1502) # Residuals from regression fit, ignoring autocorrelation resids <- lm(Temp ~ Year, case1502)$res # PACF plot shows evidence of 1st order auto correlation acf(resids,type="partial") # 1st autocorrelation coef. acorr1 <- acf(resids,type="correlation",plot=FALSE)$acf[2] # Fit regression with filtered response and explanatory variables: n <- length(case1502$Temp) y <- with(case1502, Temp [2:n] - acorr1* Temp [1:(n-1)]) x <- with(case1502, Year [2:n] - acorr1* Year [1:(n-1)]) fit <- lm(y ~ x) summary(fit) # Interpret coefficient of x as coefficient of Year
str(case1502) # Residuals from regression fit, ignoring autocorrelation resids <- lm(Temp ~ Year, case1502)$res # PACF plot shows evidence of 1st order auto correlation acf(resids,type="partial") # 1st autocorrelation coef. acorr1 <- acf(resids,type="correlation",plot=FALSE)$acf[2] # Fit regression with filtered response and explanatory variables: n <- length(case1502$Temp) y <- with(case1502, Temp [2:n] - acorr1* Temp [1:(n-1)]) x <- with(case1502, Year [2:n] - acorr1* Year [1:(n-1)]) fit <- lm(y ~ x) summary(fit) # Interpret coefficient of x as coefficient of Year
Researchers taught 18 monkeys to distinguish each of 100 pairs of objects, 20 pairs each at 16, 12, 8, 4, and 2 weeks prior to a treatment. After this training, they blocked access to the hippocampal formation in 11 of the monkeys. All monkeys were then tested on their ability to distinguish the objects. The five-dimensional response for each monkey is the number of correct objects distinguished among those taught at 16, 12, 8, 4, and 2 weeks prior to treatment.
case1601
case1601
A data frame with 18 observations on the following 7 variables.
Monkey
Monkey name
Treatment
a treatment factor with levels "Control"
and
"Treated"
Week2
percentage of 20 objects taught 2 weeks prior to treatment that were correctly distinguished in the test
Week4
percentage of 20 objects taught 4 weeks prior to treatment that were correctly distinguished in the test
Week8
percentage of 20 objects taught 8 weeks prior to treatment that were correctly distinguished in the test
Week12
percentage of 20 objects taught 12 weeks prior to treatment that were correctly distinguished in the test
Week16
percentage of 20 objects taught 16 weeks prior to treatment that were correctly distinguished in the test
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Sola-Morgan, S. M. and Squire, L. R. (1990). The Primate Hippocampal Formation: Evidence for a Time-limited Role in Memory Storage, Science 250: 288–290.
str(case1601) # short-term response short <- with(case1601, (Week2 + Week4)/2) # long-term response long <- with(case1601, (Week8 + Week12 + Week16)/3) # Multivariate analysis of variance mfit <- manova(cbind(short,long) ~ Treatment, case1601) summary(mfit)
str(case1601) # short-term response short <- with(case1601, (Week2 + Week4)/2) # long-term response long <- with(case1601, (Week8 + Week12 + Week16)/3) # Multivariate analysis of variance mfit <- manova(cbind(short,long) ~ Treatment, case1601) summary(mfit)
In a randomized, double-blind, crossover experiment, researchers randomly assigned 20 volunteer hospital employees to either a low-fiber or low-fiber treatment group. The subjects followed the diets for six weeks. After two weeks on their normal diet, all patients crossed over to the other treatment group for another six weeks. The total serum cholesterol (in mg/dl) was measured on each patient before the first treatment, at the end of the first six week treatment, and at the end of the second six week treatment.
case1602
case1602
A data frame with 20 observations on the following 4 variables.
Baseline
total serum cholesterol before treatment
Hifiber
total serum cholesterol after the high fiber diet
Lofiber
total serum cholesterol after the low fiber diet
Order
factor to identify order of treatment, with two
levels "HL"
and "LH"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Swain, J.F., Rouse, I.L., Curley, C.B., and Sacks, F.M. (1990). Comparison of the Effects of Oat Bran and Low-fiber Wheat on Serum Lipoprotein Levels and Blood Pressure, New England Journal of Medicine 320: 1746–1747.
str(case1602) subjects <- 1:20 ordersubjects <- order(case1602$Baseline) plot(1:20, case1602$Baseline[ordersubjects], pch=24, xlab="Subjects (Ordered According to Baseline Cholesterol)", ylab="Total Serum Cholesterol (mg/dl)") points(1:20, case1602$Lofiber[ordersubjects], pch=19, col=5) points(1:20, case1602$Hifiber[ordersubjects], pch=21, col=3) legend(1,245,legend=c("Baseline","After Low Fiber Diet","After High Fiber Diet"), pch=c(24,19,21),col=c(1,5,3)) diff <- with(case1602, Hifiber-Lofiber) plot(subjects, diff, pch=ifelse(case1602$Order=="HL",19,21)) abline(h=0) t.test(diff ~ Order, case1602) # Test for order of treatment effect t.test(diff) # Test for treatment effect
str(case1602) subjects <- 1:20 ordersubjects <- order(case1602$Baseline) plot(1:20, case1602$Baseline[ordersubjects], pch=24, xlab="Subjects (Ordered According to Baseline Cholesterol)", ylab="Total Serum Cholesterol (mg/dl)") points(1:20, case1602$Lofiber[ordersubjects], pch=19, col=5) points(1:20, case1602$Hifiber[ordersubjects], pch=21, col=3) legend(1,245,legend=c("Baseline","After Low Fiber Diet","After High Fiber Diet"), pch=c(24,19,21),col=c(1,5,3)) diff <- with(case1602, Hifiber-Lofiber) plot(subjects, diff, pch=ifelse(case1602$Order=="HL",19,21)) abline(h=0) t.test(diff ~ Order, case1602) # Test for order of treatment effect t.test(diff) # Test for treatment effect
Engineers manipulated three factors (with 3, 2, and 4 levels each) in the construction and operation of printer rods, to see if they influenced the magnetic force around the rod.
case1701
case1701
A data frame with 44 observations on the following 14 variables.
Name | Description |
L1 , L2 ,..., L11 |
the magnetic force at each of the equally-spaces positions 1, 2, ..., 11 on the printer rod |
Current |
electric current passing through the rod, with
three levels "0" , "250" and "500" (milliamperes) |
Configur |
a factor identifying the configuration, with
two levels "0" and "1"
|
Material
|
a factor identifying the type of metal from
which the rod was made, with four levels "1" , "2" ,
"3" and "4"
|
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(case1701) pca <- princomp(case1701[,1:11]) summary(pca) # The first 3 principal components account for 99.7% of the variation screeplot(pca) # The loadings suggest the following meaningful summaries... loadings(pca) overallaverage <- with(case1701, (L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5 + L6 + L7 + L8 + L9 + L10 + L11)/11) rightleftdiff <- with(case1701, (L9 + L10 + L11)/3 - (L1 + L2 + L3)/3) middleleftdiff <- with(case1701, L6 - (L1 + L2)/2) # Note 4 clusters and 1 outlier pairs(cbind(overallaverage, rightleftdiff, middleleftdiff)) fit1 <- lm(overallaverage ~ Current*Configur*Material, case1701) anova(fit1)
str(case1701) pca <- princomp(case1701[,1:11]) summary(pca) # The first 3 principal components account for 99.7% of the variation screeplot(pca) # The loadings suggest the following meaningful summaries... loadings(pca) overallaverage <- with(case1701, (L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5 + L6 + L7 + L8 + L9 + L10 + L11)/11) rightleftdiff <- with(case1701, (L9 + L10 + L11)/3 - (L1 + L2 + L3)/3) middleleftdiff <- with(case1701, L6 - (L1 + L2)/2) # Note 4 clusters and 1 outlier pairs(cbind(overallaverage, rightleftdiff, middleleftdiff)) fit1 <- lm(overallaverage ~ Current*Configur*Material, case1701) anova(fit1)
Thirty couples participated in a study of love and marriage. Wives and husbands responded separately to four questions:
What is the level of passionate love you feel for your spouse?
What is the level of passionate love your spouse feels for you?
What is the level of compassionate love you feel for your spouse?
What is the level of compassionate love your spouse feels for you?
Each response was recorded on a five-point scale: 1=None, 2=Very Little, 3=Some, 4=A Great Deal and 5=A Tremendous Amount.
case1702
case1702
A data frame with 30 observations on the following 9 variables.
Couple
couple identification number
Hps
level of passionate love husband feels for spouse
Wps
level of passionate love wife feels for spouse
Hcs
level of compassionate love husband feels for spouse
Wcs
level of compassionate love wife feels for spouse
Hpy
level of passionate love husband perceives spouse to have for him
Wpy
level of passionate love wife perceives spouse to have for her
Hcy
level of compassionate love husband perceives spouse to have for him
Wcy
level of compassionate love husband perceives spouse to have for her
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Johnson, R.A. and Wichern, D.W. (1988). Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis (2nd ed), Prentice-Hall.
str(case1702) # feelings about spouse tospouse <- with(case1702, cbind(Hps, Wps, Hcs, Wcs)) # perceived feelings from spouse fromspouse <- with(case1702, cbind(Hpy, Wpy, Hcy, Wcy)) cca <- cancor(tospouse,fromspouse) # Examine loadings of first canonical variables: par(mfrow=c(2,1)) barplot(cca$xcoef[,1], ylab="first 'to spouse' loadings", names=c("Hps","Wps","Hcs","Wcs")) barplot(cca$ycoef[,1], ylab="first 'from spouse' loadings", names=c("Hpy","Wpy","Hcy","Wcy")) # The first canonical variable for 'to spouse" is mostly Hcs # The first canonical variable for 'fom spouse' is mostly Hcy can.to <- tospouse can.from <- fromspouse can.to.1 <- can.to[,1] # first canonical variable can.from.1 <- can.from[,1] # first canonical variable pairs(cbind(can.to.1, case1702$Hcs, can.from.1, case1702$Hcy), labels=c("1st cv 'to'","husband's compassionate","1st cv 'from'","husband's perceived compassionate"))
str(case1702) # feelings about spouse tospouse <- with(case1702, cbind(Hps, Wps, Hcs, Wcs)) # perceived feelings from spouse fromspouse <- with(case1702, cbind(Hpy, Wpy, Hcy, Wcy)) cca <- cancor(tospouse,fromspouse) # Examine loadings of first canonical variables: par(mfrow=c(2,1)) barplot(cca$xcoef[,1], ylab="first 'to spouse' loadings", names=c("Hps","Wps","Hcs","Wcs")) barplot(cca$ycoef[,1], ylab="first 'from spouse' loadings", names=c("Hpy","Wpy","Hcy","Wcy")) # The first canonical variable for 'to spouse" is mostly Hcs # The first canonical variable for 'fom spouse' is mostly Hcy can.to <- tospouse can.from <- fromspouse can.to.1 <- can.to[,1] # first canonical variable can.from.1 <- can.from[,1] # first canonical variable pairs(cbind(can.to.1, case1702$Hcs, can.from.1, case1702$Hcy), labels=c("1st cv 'to'","husband's compassionate","1st cv 'from'","husband's perceived compassionate"))
Lawyers collected data on convicted black murderers in the state of Georgia to see whether convicted black murderers whose victim was white were more likely to receive the death penalty than those whose victim was black, after accounting for aggravation level of the murder. They categorized murders into 6 progressively more serious types. Category 1 comprises barroom brawls, liquor-induced arguments lovers' quarrels, and similar crimes. Category 6 includes the most vicious, cruel, cold=blooded, unprovoked crimes.
case1902
case1902
A data frame with 12 observations on the following 4 variables.
Aggravation
the aggravation level of the crime, a
factor with levels "1"
, "2"
, "3"
, "4"
,
"5"
and "6"
Victim
a factor indicating race of murder victim, with
levels "White"
and "Black"
Death
number in the aggravation and victim category who received the death penalty
Nodeath
number in the aggravation and victim category who did not receive the death penalty
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Woodworth, G.C. (1989). Statistics and the Death Penalty, Stats 2: 9–12.
str(case1902) # Add smidgeon to denominator because of zeros empiricalodds <- with(case1902, Death/(Nodeath + .5)) plot(empiricalodds ~ as.numeric(Aggravation), case1902, log="y", pch=ifelse(Victim=="White", 21, 19), xlab="Aggravation Level of the Murder", ylab="Odds of Death Penalty") legend(3.8,.02,legend=c("White Victim Murderers","Black Victim Murderers"),pch=c(21,19)) fitbig <- glm(cbind(Death,Nodeath) ~ Aggravation*Victim, case1902, family=binomial) # No evidence of overdispersion; no statistically significant evidence # of interactive effect anova(fitbig, test="Chisq") fitlinear <- glm(cbind(Death,Nodeath) ~ Aggravation + Victim, case1902, family=binomial) summary(fitlinear) # Mantel Haenszel Test, as an alternative table1902 <- with(case1902, rbind(Death,Nodeath)) dim(table1902) <- c(2,2,6) mantelhaen.test(table1902)
str(case1902) # Add smidgeon to denominator because of zeros empiricalodds <- with(case1902, Death/(Nodeath + .5)) plot(empiricalodds ~ as.numeric(Aggravation), case1902, log="y", pch=ifelse(Victim=="White", 21, 19), xlab="Aggravation Level of the Murder", ylab="Odds of Death Penalty") legend(3.8,.02,legend=c("White Victim Murderers","Black Victim Murderers"),pch=c(21,19)) fitbig <- glm(cbind(Death,Nodeath) ~ Aggravation*Victim, case1902, family=binomial) # No evidence of overdispersion; no statistically significant evidence # of interactive effect anova(fitbig, test="Chisq") fitlinear <- glm(cbind(Death,Nodeath) ~ Aggravation + Victim, case1902, family=binomial) summary(fitlinear) # Mantel Haenszel Test, as an alternative table1902 <- with(case1902, rbind(Death,Nodeath)) dim(table1902) <- c(2,2,6) mantelhaen.test(table1902)
This data frame contains the ages and sexes of the adult (over 15 years) survivors and nonsurvivors of the Donner party.
case2001
case2001
A data frame with 45 observations on the following 3 variables.
Age
Age of person
Sex
Sex of person
Status
Whether the person survived or died
In 1846 the Donner and Reed families left Springfield, Illinois, for California by covered wagon. In July, the Donner Party, as it became known, reached Fort Bridger, Wyoming. There its leaders decided to attempt a new and untested rote to the Sacramento Valley. Having reached its full size of 87 people and 20 wagons, the party was delayed by a difficult crossing of the Wasatch Range and again in the crossing of the desert west of the Great Salt Lake. The group became stranded in the eastern Sierra Nevada mountains when the region was hit by heavy snows in late October. By the time the last survivor was rescued on April 21, 1847, 40 of the 87 members had died from famine and exposure to extreme cold.
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Grayson, D.K. (1990). Donner Party Deaths: A Demographic Assessment, Journal of Anthropological Research 46: 223–242.
str(case2001)
str(case2001)
A 1972–1981 health survey in The Hague, Netherlands, discovered an association between keeping pet birds and increased risk of lung cancer. To investigate birdkeeping as a risk factor, researchers conducted a case–control study of patients in 1985 at four hospitals in The Hague (population 450,000). They identified 49 cases of lung cancer among the patients who were registered with a general practice, who were age 65 or younger and who had resided in the city since 1965. They also selected 98 controls from a population of residents having the same general age structure.
case2002
case2002
A data frame with 147 observations on the following 7 variables.
LC
Whether subject has lung cancer
FM
Sex of subject
SS
Socioeconomic status, determined by occupation of the household's principal wage earner
BK
Indicator for birdkeeping (caged birds in the home for more that 6 consecutive months from 5 to 14 years before diagnosis (cases) or examination (control))
AG
Age of subject (in years)
YR
Years of smoking prior to diagnosis or examination
CD
Average rate of smoking (in cigarettes per day)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Holst, P.A., Kromhout, D. and Brand, R. (1988). For Debate: Pet Birds as an Independent Risk Factor for Lung Cancer, British Medical Journal 297: 13–21.
str(case2002)
str(case2002)
In a study of the Krunnit Islands archipelago, researchers presented results of extensive bird surveys taken over four decades. They visited each island several times, cataloguing species. If a species was found on a specific island in 1949, it was considered to be at risk of extinction for the next survey of the island in 1959. If it was not found in 1959, it was counted as an “extinction”, even though it might reappear later. This data frame contains data on island size, number of species at risk to become extinct and number of extinctions.
case2101
case2101
A data frame with 18 observations on the following 4 variables.
Island
Name of Island
Area
Area of Island
Atrisk
Number of species at risk
Extinct
Number of extinctions
Scientists agree that preserving certain habitats in their natural states is necessary to slow the accelerating rate of species extinctions. But they are divided on how to construct such reserves. Given a finite amount of available land, is it better to have many small reserves or a few large one? Central to the debate on this question are observational studies of what has happened in island archipelagos, where nearly the same fauna tries to survive on islands of different sizes.
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
V\"ais\"anen, R.A. and J\"arvinen, O. (1977). Dynamics of Protected Bird Communities in a Finnish Archipelago, Journal of Animal Ecology 46: 891–908.
str(case2101) logit <- function(p) log(p/(1-p)) plot(logit(Extinct/Atrisk) ~ log(Area), case2101)
str(case2101) logit <- function(p) log(p/(1-p)) plot(logit(Extinct/Atrisk) ~ log(Area), case2101)
This data was collected by J.A. Bishop. Bishop selected seven locations progressively farther from Liverpool. At each location, Bishop chose eight trees at random. Equal number of dead (frozen) light (Typicals) and dark (Carbonaria) moths were glued to the trunks in lifelike positions. After 24 hours, a count was taken of the numbers of each morph that had been removed—presumably by predators.
case2102
case2102
A data frame with 14 observations on the following 4 variables.
Morph
Morph, a factor with levels "light"
and "dark"
Distance
Distance from Liverpool (in km)
Placed
Number of moths placed
Removed
Number of moths removed
Population geneticists consider clines particularly favourable situations for investigating evolutionary phenomena. A cline is a region where two colour morphs of one species arrange themselves at opposite ends of an environmental gradient, with increasing mixtures occurring between. Such a cline exists near Liverpool, England, where a dark morph of a local moth has flourished in response to the blackening of tree trunks by air pollution from the mills. The moths are nocturnal, resting during the day on tree trunks, where their coloration acts as camouflage against predatory birds. In Liverpool, where tree trunks are blackened by smoke, a high percentage of the moths are of the dark morph. One encounters a higher percentage of the typical (pepper–and–salt) morph as one travels from the city into the Welsh countryside, where tree trunks are lighter. J.A. Bishop used this cline to study the intensity of natural selection.
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Bishop, J.A. (1972). An Experimental Study of the Cline of Industrial Melanism in Biston betularia [Lepidoptera] Between Urban Liverpool and Rural North Wales, Journal of Animal Ecology 41: 209–243.
str(case2102)
str(case2102)
Although male elephants are capable of reproducing by 14 to 17 years of age, your adult males are usually unsuccessful in competing with their larger elders for the attention of receptive females. Since male elephants continue to grow throughout their lifetimes, and since larger males tend to be more successful at mating, the males most likely to pass their genes to future generations are those whose characteristics enable them to live long lives. Joyce Poole studied a population of African elephants in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, for 8 years. This data frame contains the number of successful matings and ages (at the study's beginning) of 41 male elephants.
case2201
case2201
A data frame with 41 observations on the following 2 variables.
Age
Age of elephant at beginning of study
Matings
Number of successful matings
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Poole, J.H. (1989). Mate Guarding, Reproductive Success and Female Choice in African Elephants, Animal Behavior 37: 842–849.
str(case2201) plot(case2201)
str(case2201) plot(case2201)
The Del Norte Salamander (plethodon elongates) is a small (5–7 cm) salamander found among rock rubble, rock outcrops and moss-covered talus in a narrow range of northwest California. To study the habitat characteristics of the species and particularly the tendency of these salamanders to reside in dwindling old-growth forests, researchers selected 47 sites from plausible salamander habitat in national forest and parkland. Randomly chosen grid points were searched for the presence of a site with suitable rocky habitat. At each suitable site, a 7 metre by 7 metre search are was examined for the number of salamanders it contained. This data frame contains the counts of salamanders at the sites, along with the percentage of forest canopy and age of the forest in years.
case2202
case2202
A data frame with 47 observations on the following 4 variables.
Site
Investigated site
Salaman
Number of salamanders found in 49 m$^2$ area
PctCover
Percentage of canopy cover
Forestage
Forest age
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Welsh, H.H. and Lind, A.J. (1995). Journal of Herpetology 29(2): 198–210.
str(case2202)
str(case2202)
Researchers used 7 red and 7 black playing cards to randomly assign 14 volunteer males with high blood pressure to one of two diets for four weeks: a fish oil diet and a standard oil diet. These data are the reductions in diastolic blood pressure.
ex0112
ex0112
A data frame with 14 observations on the following 2 variables.
BP
reduction in diastolic blood pressure (in mm of mercury)
Diet
factor variable indicating the diet that the subject followed
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Knapp, H.R. and FitzGerald, G.A. (1989). The Antihypertensive Effects of Fish Oil, New England Journal of Medicine 320: 1037–1043.
str(ex0112)
str(ex0112)
The data are the distances from the sun (scaled so that earth=10) and the order from the sun for the 9 planets in our solar system plus the asteroid belt (treated here as the fifth body from the sun).
ex0116
ex0116
A data frame with 10 observations on the following 3 variables.
Planet
name of body (planet or asteroid belt)
Order
order from sun
Distance
distance from sun (scaled so that earth's distance is 10)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex0116)
str(ex0116)
The data are survival times (in days) of guinea pigs that were randomly assigned either to a control group or to a treatment group that received a dose of tubercle bacilli.
ex0211
ex0211
A data frame with 122 observations on the following 2 variables.
Lifetime
survival time of guinea pig (in days)
Group
a factor with levels "bacilli"
and
"control"
, indicating the group to which the guinea pig was
assigned
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Doksum, K. (1974). Empirical Probability Plots and Statistical Inference for Nonlinear Models in the Two–sample Case, Annals of Statistics 2: 267–277.
str(ex0211)
str(ex0211)
As evidence in support of natural selection, Bumpus presented measurements on house sparrows brought to the Anatomical Laboratory of Brown University after an uncommonly severe winter storm. Some of these birds had survived and some had perished. Bumpus asked whether those that perished did so because they lacked physical characteristics enabling them to withstand the intensity of that particular instance of selective elimination. The data are on the the weights, in grams, for the 24 adult male sparrows that perished and for the 35 adult males that survived.
ex0221
ex0221
A data frame with 59 observations on the following 2 variables.
Weight
weight of adult male sparrows (in grams)
Status
factor variable indicating whether the sparrow perished or survived in a winter storm
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex0221)
str(ex0221)
This data comes from an observational study to contrast cholesterol levels in rural and urban Guatemalan Indians
ex0222
ex0222
A data frame with 94 observations on the following 2 variables.
Cholesterol
Serum total cholesterol of individual (in mg/l)
Group
a factor with levels "Rural"
and "Urban"
indicating to which group the individual belongs
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Tejada, C., Charm, S., Guzman, M., Mendez, J. and Kurland, G. (1964). The Blood Viscosity of Various Socioeconomic Groups in Guatemala, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: 303–308.
str(ex0222)
str(ex0222)
The National Highway System Designation Act was signed into law in the United States on November 28, 1995. Among other things, the act abolished the federal mandate of 55 mile per hour maximum speed limits on roads in the United States and permitted states to establish their own limits. Of the 50 states (plus the District of Columbia), 32 increased their speed limits at the beginning of 1996 or sometime during 1996. These data are the percentage changes in interstate highway traffic fatalities from 1995 to 1996.
ex0223
ex0223
A data frame with 51 observations on the following 3 variables.
State
US state
Increase
a factor with levels "No"
"Yes"
,
indicating whether the state increased its speed limit
FatalitiesChange
percentage change in interstate traffic fatalities between 1995 and 1996
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Report to Congress: The Effect of Increased Speed Limits in the Post-NMSL Era, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, February, 1998; available in the reports library at https://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/.
str(ex0223)
str(ex0223)
Researchers collected historical and current data on umpires to investigate their life expectancies following the collapse and death of a U.S. major league baseball umpire. They were investigating speculation that stress associated with the job posed a health risk. Data were found on 227 umpires who had died or had retired and were still living. The data set includes the dates of birth and death.
ex0321
ex0321
A data frame with 227 observations on the following 3 variables.
Lifelength
observed lifetime for those umpires who had died by the time of the study or current age of those still living
Censored
0 for those who had died by the time of the study or 1 for those who were still living
Expected
length from actuarial life tables for individuals who were alive at the time the person first became an umpire
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Cohen, R.S., Kamps, C.A., Kokoska, S., Segal E.M. and Tucker, J.B.(2000). Life Expectancy of Major League Baseball Umpires, The Physician and Sportsmedicine 28(5): 83–89.
str(ex0321)
str(ex0321)
Data contains yearly skin cancer rates (per 100,000 people) in Connecticut from 1938 to 1972 with a code indicating those years that came two years after higher than average sunspot activity and those years that came two years after lower than average sunspot activity.
ex0323
ex0323
A data frame with 35 observations on the following 3 variables.
Year
year
Rate
skin cancer rate per 100,000 people
Sunspot
a factor with levels "High"
and
"Low"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Andrews, D.F. and Herzberg, A.M. (1985). Data: A Collection of Problems from many Fields for the Student and Research Worker, Springer-Verlag.
str(ex0323)
str(ex0323)
Life expectancy and per capita income for 20 industrialized countries and 9 petroleum exporting countries. Note that there is a missing value for South Africa.
ex0327
ex0327
A data frame with 29 observations on the following 4 variables.
Country
a character vector indicating the country
Life
life expectancy (years)
Income
income in 1974 (U.S. dollars)
Type
factor variable with levels
"Industrialized"
and "Petroleum"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Leinhardt, S. and Wasserman, S.S. (1979). Teaching Regression: An Exploratory Approach, The American Statistician 33(4): 196–203.
str(ex0327)
str(ex0327)
As part of a study to investigate reproductive strategies in plants, biologists recorded the time spent at sources of pollen and the proportions of pollen removed by bumblebee queens and honeybee workers pollinating a species of lily.
ex0328
ex0328
A data frame with 47 observations on the following 3 variables.
Removed
proportion of pollen removed
Duration
duration of visit (in seconds)
Bee
factor variable with levels "Queen"
and
"Worker"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Harder, L.D. and Thompson, J.D. (1989). Evolutionary Options for Maximizing Pollen Dispersal of Animal-pollinated Plants, American Naturalist 133: 323–344.
str(ex0328)
str(ex0328)
A randomized experiment was performed on mice to determine whether two forms of iron are retained differently. If one type is retained especially well it may be more useful as a dietary supplement for humans.
ex0331
ex0331
A data frame with 36 observations on the following 2 variables.
Iron
percentage of iron retained in each mouse
Supplement
factor variable with levels "Fe3"
and "Fe4"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Rice, J. (1987). Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, Wadsworth.
str(ex0331)
str(ex0331)
Tuition in dollars of 20 private and 20 public U.S. colleges and universities for 1993–1994.
ex0332
ex0332
A data frame with 20 observations on the following 3 variables.
Private
tuition in dollars of 20 private schools
PubIn
tuition in dollars of 20 public schools (in-state tuition)
PubOut
tuition in dollars of 20 public schools (out-of-state tuition)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
1995 U.S. News and World Report's Guide to America's Best Colleges.
str(ex0332)
str(ex0332)
Relative brain weights for 51 species of mammal whose average litter size is less than 2 and for 45 species of mammal whose average litter size is greater than or equal to 2.
ex0333
ex0333
A data frame with 96 observations on the following 2 variables.
Brainsize
relative brain sizes (1000 * Brain weight/Body weight) for 96 species of mammals
Littersize
factor variable with levels "Small"
and "Large"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Sacher, G.A. and Staffeldt, E.F. (1974). Relation of Gestation Time to Brain Weight for Placental Mammals: Implications for the Theory of Vertebrate Growth, American Naturalist 108: 593–613.
str(ex0333)
str(ex0333)
Plant heights (inches) for 15 pairs of plants of the same age, one of which was grown from a seed from a cross-fertilized flower and the other of which was grown from a seed from a self-fertilized flower.
ex0428
ex0428
A data frame with 15 observations on the following 2 variables.
Cross
height (inches) of cross-fertilized plant
Self
height (inches) of self-fertilized plant
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Andrews, D.F. and Herzberg, A.M. (1985). Data: A Collection of Problems from many Fields for the Student and Research Worker, Springer-Verlag.
str(ex0428)
str(ex0428)
Can active exercise shorten the time it takes an infant to walk alone? Twelve, one week old, male infants from white, middle-class families were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups. Those in the active-exercise group received stimulation of the walking reflexes during four 3 minute sessions each day from the beginning of the second through the end of the eighth week. Those in the other group received no stimulation.
ex0429
ex0429
A data frame with 12 observations on the following 2 variables.
Age
age (months) at which infants first walked alone
Exercise
a factor with levels "Active"
and
"None"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Zelazo, P.R. (1972). Walking in the Newborn, Science 176: 314–315.
str(ex0429)
str(ex0429)
Tolerance to sunlight (in minutes) for 13 patients prior to and after treatment with a sunscreen.
ex0430
ex0430
A data frame with 13 observations on the following 2 variables.
Control
tolerance to sunlight (minutes) prior to sunscreen application
Sunscreen
tolerance to sunlight (minutes) after sunscreen application
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Fusaro, R.M. and Johnson, J.A. (1974). Sunlight Protection for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria Patients, Journal of the American Medical Association 229(11): 1420.
str(ex0430)
str(ex0430)
Researchers randomly assigned metastatic breast cancer patients to either a control group or a group that received weekly 90 minute sessions of group therapy and self-hypnosis, to see whether the latter treatment improved the patients' quality of life.
ex0431
ex0431
A data frame with 58 observations on the following 3 variables.
Survival
months of survival after beginning of study
Group
a factor with levels "Control"
and
"Therapy"
Censor
0 if entire lifetime observed, 1 if patient known to have lived at least 122 months
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Spiegel, D., Bloom, J.R., Kraemer, H.C. and Gottheil, E. (1989). Effect of Psychosocial Treatment on Survival of Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer, Lancet 334(8668): 888–891.
str(ex0431)
str(ex0431)
To investigate the capacity of marijuana to reduce the side effects of cancer chemotherapy, researchers performed a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial. Fifteen cancer patients on chemotherapy were randomly assigned to receive either a marijuana treatment or a placebo treatment after their first three sessions of chemotherapy. They were then crossed over to the opposite treatment for their next 3 sessions.
ex0432
ex0432
A data frame with 15 observations on the following 3 variables.
Subject
subject number 1–15
Marijuana
total number of vomiting and retching episodes under marijuana treatment
Placebo
total number of vomiting and retching episodes under placebo treatment
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Chang, A.E., Shiling, D.J., Stillman, R.C., Goldberg, N.H., Seipp, C.A., Barofsky, I., Simon, R.M. and Rosenberg, S.A. (1979). Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol as an Antiemetic in Cancer Patients Receiving High Dose Methotrexate, Annals of Internal Medicine 91(6): 819–824.
str(ex0432)
str(ex0432)
A randomized experiment was performed to estimate the effect of a certain fatty acid CPFA on the level of a certain protein in rat livers.
ex0518
ex0518
A data frame with 30 observations on the following 4 variables.
Protein
levels of protein (x 10) found in rat livers
Treatment
a factor with levels "Control"
,
"CPFA50"
, "CPFA150"
, "CPFA300"
,
"CPFA450"
and "CPFA600"
Day
a factor with levels "Day1"
, "Day2"
,
"Day3"
, "Day4"
and "Day5"
Group
a factor with levels "Group1"
,
"Group2"
, ..., "Group10"
; the observed levels of the
Treatment
and Day
interaction
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex0518)
str(ex0518)
Data frame with measurements of oxygen isotopic composition of vertebrate bone phosphate (per mil deviations from SMOW) in 12 bones of a singe Tyrannosaurus rex specimen
ex0523
ex0523
A data frame with 52 observations on the following 2 variables.
Oxygen
oxygen isotopic composition
Bonegrp
a factor with levels "Bone1"
,
"Bone2"
, ..., "Bone12"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Barrick, R.E. and Showers, W.J. (1994). Thermophysiology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Evidence from Oxygen Isotopes, Science 265(5169): 222–224.
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str(ex0523)
Previous studies suggest that vegetarians may not receive enough zinc in their diets and the zinc requirement is especially important during pregnancy. Twenty-three women were monitored: twelve vegetarians who were pregnant, six nonvegetarians who were pregnant, and five vegetarians who were not pregnant. Is there any evidence that pregnant vegetarians tend to have lower zinc levels than pregnant nonvegetarians?
ex0524
ex0524
A data frame with 23 observations on the following 2 variables.
Zinc
levels of Zinc (g/g) in the hair of women
Group
a factor with levels "PregNonVeg"
,
"PregVeg"
and "NonPregVeg"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
King, J.C., Stein, T. and Doyle, M. (1981). Effect of Vegetarianism on the Zinc Status of Pregnant Women, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34(6): 1049–1055.
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str(ex0524)
Data consist of times to fatigue failure (in units of millions of cycles) for 10 high-speed turbine engine bearings made from five different compounds.
ex0621
ex0621
A data frame with 50 observations on the following 2 variables.
Time
failure times of bearings (millions of cycles)
Compound
a factor with levels "I"
, "II"
,
"III"
, "IV"
and "V"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
McCool, J.I. (1979). Analysis of Single Classification Experiments Based on Censored Samples from the Two-parameter Weibull Distribution, Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 3(1): 39–68.
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Is there a physiological basis for sexual preference? Researchers measured the volumes of four cell groups in the interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus in postmortem tissue from 41 subjects at autopsy from seven metropolitan hospitals in New York and California.
ex0622
ex0622
A data frame with 41 observations on the following 2 variables.
Volume
volumes of INAH3 (1000
mm
) cell clusters from 41 humans
Group
a factor with levels
"Group1" |
heterosexual male with AIDS death |
"Group2" |
heterosexual male with Non-AIDS death |
"Group3" |
homosexual male with AIDS death |
"Group4" |
heterosexual female with AIDS death |
"Group5" |
heterosexual female with Non-AIDS death |
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
LeVay, S. (1991). A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure Between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men, Science 253(5023): 1034–1037.
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Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, derives its name and its considerable fame from the regularity (and beauty) of its eruptions. As they do with most geysers in the park, rangers post the predicted tiems of eruptions on signs nearby and people gather beforehand to witness the show. R.A. Hutchinson, a park geologist, collected measurements of the eruption durations (X, in minutes) and the subsequent intervals before the next eruption (Y, in minutes) over an 8–day period.
ex0723
ex0723
A data frame with 107 observations on the following 3 variables.
Date
date of observation (August 1 to August 8, 1978)
Interval
length of interval before the next eruption (in minutes)
Duration
duration of eruption (in minutes)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Weisberg, S. (1985). Applied Linear Regression, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 231.
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As part of a study of the effects of predatory intertidal crab species on snail populations, researchers measured the mean closing forces and the propdus heights of the claws on several crabs of three species.
ex0724
ex0724
A data frame with 38 observations on the following 3 variables.
Force
closing strength of claw of the crab
Height
propodus height of claw of the crab
Species
species to which the crab belongs
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Yamada, S.B. and Boulding, E.G. (1992). Shell–breaking Efficiency of Predatory Crabs Influences the Distribution of an Intertidal Snail, Technical Report, Zoology Department, Oregon State University.
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The data are on the proportion of male birts in Denmark, The Netherlands, Canada and the United States for a number of yeras. Notice that the proportions for Canada and the United States are only provided for the years 1970 to 1990, while Denmark and The Netherlands have data listed for 1950 to 1994.
ex0726
ex0726
A data frame with 45 observations on the following 5 variables.
Year
year of observation
Denmark
male birth rate of Denmark for given year
Netherlands
male birth rate of The Netherlands for given year
Canada
male birth rate of Canada for given year
Usa
male birth rate of the United States for given year
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Davis, D.L., Gottlieb, M.B. and Stampnitzky, J.R. (1998). Reduced ratio of male to female births in several industrial countries, Journal of the American Medical Association 279(13): 1018–1023.
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These data are measured distances and recession velocities for 10
clusters of nebulae, much farther from earth than the nebulae reported
in case0701
.
ex0727
ex0727
A data frame with 10 observations on the following 2 variables.
Cluster
name of the cluster of nebulae
Distance
distance from earth (in million parsec)
Velocity
recession velocity (in kilometres per second)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Hubble, E. and Humason, M. (1931). The Velocity–Distance Relation Among Extra–calactic Nebulae, Astrophysics Journal 74: 43–50.
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The 1994 World Almanac reports heights and number of stories for notable tall buildings in North America. The data in this data frame are a random sample of size 60 of those for which dates of completion were available.
ex0728
ex0728
A data frame with 60 observations on the following 3 variables.
Year
year of completion
Height
height of building
Stories
number of stories of building
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
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str(ex0728)
Black wheatears are small birds in Spain and Morocco. Males of the species demonstrate an exaggerated sexual display by carrying many heavy stones to nesting cavities. This 35–gram bird transports, on average, 3.1 kg of stones per nesting season! Different males carry somewhat different sized stones, prompting a study on whether larger stones may be a signal of higher health status. Soler et al. calculated the average stone mass (g) carried by each of 21 male black wheatears, along with T-cell response measurements reflecting their immune systems' strengths.
ex0729
ex0729
A data frame with 21 observations on the following 2 variables.
Mass
average mass of stones carried by bird (in g)
Tcell
T-cell response measurement (in mm)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Soler, M., Martín-Vivaldi, M., Marín J. and Møller, A. (1999). Weight lifting and health status in the black wheatears, Behavioral Ecology 10(3): 281–286.
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Studies over the past two decades have shown that activity can effect the reorganisation of the human central nervous system. For example, it is known that the part of the brain associated with activity of a finger or limb is taken over for other purposes in individuals whose limb or finger has been lost. In one study, psychologists used magnetic source imaging (MSI) to measure neuronal activity in the brains of nine string players (six violinists, two cellists and one guitarist) and six controls who had never played a musical instrument, when the thumb and fifth finger of the left hand were exposed to mild stimulation. The researchers felt that stringed instrument players, who use the fingers of their left hand extensively, might show different behaviour—as a result of this extensive physical activity—than individuals who did not play stringed instruments.
ex0730
ex0730
A data frame with 15 observations on the following 2 variables.
Years
years that the individual has been playing
Activity
neuronal activity index
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Elbert, T., Pantev, C., Wienbruch, C., Rockstroh, B. and Taub E. (1995). Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players, Science 270(5234): 305–307.
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The data in case0702
are a subset of the complete data on
postmortum pH in 12 steer carcasses.
ex0816
ex0816
A data frame with 12 observations on the following 2 variables.
Time
time after slaughter (hours)
pH
pH level in postmortem muscle
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Schwenke, J.R. and Milliken, G.A. (1991). On the Calibration Problem Extended to Nonlinear Models, Biometrics 47(2): 563–574.
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In a study of the effectiveness of biological control of the exotic weed tansy ragwort, researchers manipulated the exposure to the ragwort flea beetle on 15 plots that had been planted with a high density of ragwort. Harvesting the plots the next season, they measured the average dry mass of ragwort remaining (grams/plant) and the flea beetle load (beetles/gram of ragwort dry mass) to see if the ragwort plants in plots with high flea beetle loads were smaller as a result of herbivory by the beetles.
ex0817
ex0817
A data frame with 15 observations on the following 2 variables.
Load
flee beetle load (in beetles/gram of ragwort dry mass)
Mass
dry mass of ragwort weed
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
McEvoy, P. and Cox, C. (1991). Successful Biological Control of Ragwort, Senecio jacobaea, by introducing insects in Oregon, Ecological Applications 1(4): 430–442.
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One of the most dangerous contaminants deposited over European countries following the Chernobyl accident in April 1986 was radioactive cesium. To study cesium transfer from contaminated soil to plants, researchers collected soil samples and samples of mushroom mycelia from 17 wooded locations in Umbria, Central Italy, from August 1986 to November 1989. The data are measured concentrations (Bq/kg) of cesium in the soil and in the mushrooms.
ex0818
ex0818
A data frame with 17 observations on the following 2 variables.
Mushroom
Cesium concentrations in mushrooms (in Bq/kg)
Soil
Cesium concentrations in soil (in Bq/kg)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Borio, R., Chiocchini, S., Cicioni, R., Degli Esposti, P., Rongoni, A., Sabatini, P., Scampoli, P., Antonini, A. and Salvadori, P. (1991). Uptake of Radiocesium by Mushrooms, Science of the Total Environment 106(3): 183–190.
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The data are observations on the difference between Democratic and Republican vote counts, by (a) absentee ballot and (b) voting machine, for 21 elections in Philadelphia's senatorial districts over the last 10 years.
ex0820
ex0820
A data frame with 21 observations on the following 2 variables.
Absentee
Democratic minus Republican vote count by absentee ballot
Machines
Democratic minus Republican vote count by voting machine
In a special election to fill a Pennsylvania State Senate seat in 1993, the Democrat, William Stinson, received 19,127 machine–counted votes and the Republican, Bruce Marks, received 19,691. In addition, there were 1,391 absentee ballots for Stinson and 366 absentee ballots for Marks, so that the total tally showed Stinson the winner by 461 votes. The large disparity between the machine–counted and absentee votes, and the resulting reversal of the outcome due to the absentee ballots caused some concern about possible illegal influence on the absentee votes. To see whether the discrepancy in absentee votes was larger than could be explained by chance, an econometrician considered the data given in this data frame (read from a graph in The New York Times, 11 April 1994).
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
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Data are the number of butterfly species in 16 islands of forest of various sizes in otherwise cleared areas in Brazil.
ex0822
ex0822
A data frame with 16 observations on the following 2 variables.
Area
area (ha) of forest patch
Species
number of butterfly species
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Lovejoy, T.E., Rankin, J.M., Bierregaard, Jr., R.O., Brown, Jr., K.S., Emmons, L.H. and van der Voort, M. (1984). Ecosystem decay of Amazon forest remnants in Nitecki, M.H. (ed.) Extinctions, University of Chicago Press.
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The data are the average wine consumption rates (in liters per person per year) and number of ischemic heart disease deaths (per 1000 men aged 55 to 64 years) for 18 industrialized countries.
data(ex0823)
data(ex0823)
A data frame with 18 observations on the following 3 variables.
Country
a character vector indicating the country
Wine
consumption of wine (liters per person per year)
Mortality
heart disease mortality rate (deaths per 1,000)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
St. Leger A.S., Cochrane, A.L. and Moore, F. (1979). Factors Associated with Cardiac Mortality in Developed Countries with Particular Reference to the Consumption of Wine, Lancet: 1017–1020.
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A high respiratory rate is a potential diagnostic indicator of respiratory infection in children. To judge whether a respiratory rate is “high” however, a physician must have a clear picture of the distribution of normal rates. To this end, Italian researchers measured the respiratory rates of 618 children between the ages of 15 days and 3 years.
ex0824
ex0824
A data frame with 618 observations on the following 2 variables.
Age
age in months of child
Rate
respiratory rate (breaths per minute)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Rusconi, F., Castagneto, M., Porta, N., Gagliardi, L., Leo, G., Pellegatta, A., Razon, S. and Braga, M. (1994). Reference Values for Respiratory Rate in the First 3 Years of Life, Pediatrics 94(3): 350–355.
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Data set shows the number of votes for Buchanan and Bush in all 67 counties in Florida during the U.S. presidential election of November 7, 2000.
ex0825
ex0825
A data frame with 67 observations on the following 3 variables.
County
a character vector indicating the county
Buchanan2000
votes cast for P. Buchanan
Bush2000
votes cast for G.W. Bush
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
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str(ex0825)
In four regions of the US (Northeast, Midwest, South and West), in three different sized metropolitan regions, researchers measured indicators of pace of life.
ex0914
ex0914
A data frame with 36 observations on the following 4 variables.
Bank
bank clerk speed
Walk
pedestrian walking speed
Talk
postal clerk talking speed
Heart
age adjusted death rate due to heart disease
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Levine, R.V. (1990). The Pace of Life, American Scientist 78: 450–459.
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Data on corn yield and rainfall in six U.S. corn–producing states (Iowa, Nebraska, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri and Ohio), recorded for each year from 1890 to 1927.
ex0915
ex0915
Year
year of observation (1890–1927)
Yield
average corn yield for the six states (in bu/acre)
Rainfall
average rainfall in the six states (in in/year)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Ezekiel, M. and Fox, K.A. (1959). Methods of Correlation and Regression Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
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Researchers studied the development of a fly (Drosophila subobscura) that had been accidentally introduced from the Old World into North America around 1980.
ex0918
ex0918
A data frame with 21 observations on the following 8 variables.
Continent
a factor with levels "NA"
and
"EU"
Latitude
latitude (degrees)
Females
average wing size (10log
mm) of female flies on log scale
SE.F
standard error of wing size (10log mm) of female flies on log scale
Males
average wing size (10log
mm) of male flies on log scale
SE.M
standard error of wing size (10log mm) of male flies on log scale
Ratio
average basal length to wing size ratios of female flies
SE.R
standard error of average basal length to wing size ratio of female flies
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Huey, R.B., Gilchrist, G.W., Carlson, M.L., Berrigan, D. and Serra, L. (2000). Rapid Evolution of a Geographic Cline in Size in an Introduced Fly, Science 287(5451): 308–309.
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Data set contains the year of the Kentucky Derby, the winning horse, the condition of the track and the average speed of the winner for years 1896–2000.
ex0920
ex0920
A data frame with 105 observations on the following 4 variables.
Year
year of Kentucky Derby
Winner
a character vector with the name of the winning horse
Condition
a factor with levels "fast"
,
"good"
and "slow"
Speed
average speed of the winner (feet per second)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
https://www.kentuckyderby.com/
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str(ex0920)
Researchers randomly allocated 25 beakers containing minnow larvae to receive one of 25 treatment combinations of 5 levels of zinc and 5 levels of copper.
ex1014
ex1014
A data frame with 25 observations on the following 3 variables.
Copper
amount of copper received (in ppm)
Zinc
amount of zinc received (in ppm)
Protein
protein in minnow larvae exposed to copper and
zinc (g/larva)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Ryan, D.A., Hubert, J.J., Carter, E.M., Sprague, J.B. and Parrott, J. (1992). A Reduced-Rank Multivariate Regression Approach to Aquatic Joint Toxicity Experiments, Biometrics 48(1): 155–162.
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Depletion of the ozone layer allows the most damaging ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface. To measure the relationship, researchers sampled the ocean column at various depths at 17 locations around Antarctica during the austral spring of 1990.
ex1026
ex1026
A data frame with 17 observations on the following 3 variables.
Inhibit
percent inhibition of primary phytoplankton production in water
UVB
UVB exposure
Surface
a factor with levels "Deep"
and
"Surface"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Smith, R.C., Prézelin, B.B., Baker, K.S., Bidigare, R.R., Boucher, N.P., Coley, T., Karentz, D., MacIntyre, S., Matlick, H.A., Menzies, D., Ondrusek, M., Wan, Z. and Waters, K.J. (1992). Ozone Depletion: Ultraviolet Radiation and Phytoplankton Biology in Antarctic Waters, Science 255(5047): 952–959.
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str(ex1026)
Data are measurements on breeding pairs of land-bird species collected from 16 islands around Britain over the course of several decades. For each species, the data set contains an average time of extinction on those islands where it appeared, the average number of nesting pairs, the size of the species and the migratory status of the species.
ex1027
ex1027
A data frame with 62 observations on the following 5 variables.
Species
a character vector indicating the species
Time
average extinction time in years
Pairs
average number of nesting pairs
Size
a factor with levels "L"
and "S"
Status
a factor with levels "M"
and "R"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Pimm, S.L., Jones, H.L., and Diamond, J. (1988). On the Risk of Extinction, American Naturalist 132(6): 757–785.
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Data set with the numbers of Atlantic Basin tropical storms and hurricanes for each year from 1950–1997. The variable storm index is an index of overall intensity of hurricane season. Also listed are whether the year was a cold, warm or neutral El Nino year and a variable indicating whether West Africa was wet or dry that year.
ex1028
ex1028
A data frame with 48 observations on the following 7 variables.
Year
year
ElNino
a factor with levels "cold"
,
"neutral"
and "warm"
Temperature
numeric variable with values -1 if
ElNino
is "cold"
, 0 if "neutral"
and 1 if
"warm"
WestAfrica
numeric variable indicating whether West Africa was wet (1) or dry (0)
Storms
number of storms
Hurricanes
number of hurricanes
StormIndex
index of overall intensity of hurricane season
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Data were gathered by William Gray of Colorado State University and
reported on USA Today weather page:
http://www.usatoday.com/weather/whurnum.htm
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str(ex1028)
Data set contains weekly wages in 1987 for a sample of 25,632 males between the age of 18 and 70 who worked full-time along with their years of education, years of experience, indicator variable for whether they were black, indicator variable for whether they worked in or near a city, and a code for the region in the US where they worked.
ex1029
ex1029
A data frame with 25631 observations on the following 6 variables.
Wage
weekly wage in dollars
Education
education in years
Experience
experience in years
Black
a factor with levels "Yes"
and
"No"
; indicator for whether the person is black
SMSA
a factor with levels "Yes"
and
"No"
; indicator for whether the person worked in or near a city
Region
a factor with levels "MW"
, "NE"
,
"S"
and "W"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Bierens, H.J. and Ginther, D.K. (2001). Integrated Conditional Moment Testing of Quantile Regression Models, Empirical Economics 26(1): 307–324
http://econ.la.psu.edu/~hbierens/QUANTILE.PDF
http://econ.la.psu.edu/~hbierens/MEDIAN.HTM
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str(ex1029)
The data are observations on the difference between Democratic and Republican vote counts, by (a) absentee ballot and (b) voting machine, for 22 elections in Philadelphia's senatorial districts over the last 10 years.
ex1115
ex1115
A data frame with 22 observations on the following 2 variables.
Absentee
Democratic minus Republican vote count by absentee ballot
Machines
Democratic minus Republican vote count by voting machine
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
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str(ex1115)
Data are the isotopic composition of structural bone carbonate
() and the isotopic composition of the coexisting calcite
cements (
) in 18 bone samples from a specimen of the dinosaur
Tyrannosaurus rex. Evidence that the mean of
is positively
associated with
was used in an argument that the metabolic
rate of this dinosaur resembled warm-blooded more than cold-blooded
animals.
ex1120
ex1120
A data frame with 18 observations on the following 2 variables.
Carbonat
isotopic composition of bone carbonate
Calcite
isotopic composition of calcite cements
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Barrick, R.E. and Showers, W.J. (1994). Thermophysiology of Tyrannosaurus rex: Evidence from Oxygen Isotopes, Science 265(5169): 222–224.
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str(ex1120)
It has been theorized that developing countries cut down their forests to pay off foreign debt. Data are debt, deforestation, and population from 11 Latin American nations.
ex1122
ex1122
A data frame with 11 observations on the following 4 variables.
Country
a character vector indicating the country
Debt
debt (millions of dollars)
Deforest
deforestation (thousands of ha)
Pop
population (thousands of people)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Gullison, R.R. and Losos, E.C. (1992). The Role of Foreign Debt in Deforestation in Latin America, Conservation Biology 7(1): 140–7.
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Does pollution kill people? Data in one early study designed to explore this issue from 5 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the U.S between 1959–1961.
ex1123
ex1123
A data frame with 60 observations on the following 7 variables.
City
a character vector indicating the city
Mort
total age-adjusted mortality from all causes
Precip
mean annual precipitation (inches)
Educ
median number of school years completed for persons 25 years or older
Nonwhite
percentage of population that is nonwhite
NOx
relative pollution potential of oxides of nitrogen
SO2
relative pollution potential of sulfur dioxide
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
McDonald, G.C. and Ayers, J.A. (1978). Some Applications of the “Chernoff Faces”: A Technique for Graphically Representing Multivariate Data in Wang, P.C.C. (ed.) Graphical Representation of Multivariate Data, Academic Press.
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An assessment of the factors affecting dispersal distances is important for understanding population spread, recolonization and gene flow which are central issues for conservation of many vertebrate species. Researchers gathered data on body weight, diet type and maximum natal dispersal distance for various animals.
ex1124
ex1124
A data frame with 64 observations on the following 4 variables.
Species
a character vector indicating the species
Bodymass
bodymass (kg)
Maxdist
maximum dispersal distance (km)
Type
a factor with levels "Carnivore"
,
"Herbivore"
and "Omnivore"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Sutherland, G.D., Harestad, A.S., Price, K. and Lertzman, K.P. (2000). Scaling of Natal Dispersal Distances in Terrestrial Birds and Mammals, Conservation Ecology 4(1): 16.
str(ex1124)
str(ex1124)
Complete data set for problem introduced in ex1123
.
Data from early study designed to explore the relationship between air
pollution and mortality.
ex1217
ex1217
A data frame with 60 observations on the following 17 variables.
City
a character vector indicating the city
Mort
total age-adjusted mortality from all causes
Precip
mean annual precipitation (inches)
Humidity
percent relative humidity (annual average at 1:00pm)
Jantemp
mean January temperature (degrees F)
Julytemp
mean July temperature (degrees F)
Over65
percentage of the population aged 65 years or over
House
population per household
Educ
median number of school years completed for persons 25 years or older
Sound
percentage of the housing that is sound with all facilities
Density
population density (in persons per square mile of urbanized area)
Nonwhite
percentage of population that is nonwhite
Whitecol
percentage of employment in white collar occupations
Poor
percentage of households with annual income under
3,000 in 1960
HC
relative pollution potential of hydrocarbons
NOx
relative pollution potential of oxides of nitrogen
SO2
relative pollution potential of sulfur dioxide
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
McDonald, G.C. and Ayers, J.A. (1978). Some Applications of the “Chernoff Faces”: A Technique for Graphically Representing Multivariate Data in Wang, P.C.C. (ed.) Graphical Representation of Multivariate Data, Academic Press.
str(ex1217)
str(ex1217)
The number of species on an island is known to be related to the island's area. Of interest is what other variables are also related to the number of species, after island area is accounted for, and whether the answer differs for native and non native species.
ex1220
ex1220
A data frame with 30 observations on the following 8 variables.
Island
a character vector indicating the island
Total
total number of observed species
Native
number of native species
Area
area (km)
Elev
elevation (m)
DistNear
distance from nearest island (km)
DistSC
distance from Santa Cruz (km)
AreaNear
area of nearest island (km)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Johnson, M.P. and Raven, P.H. (1973). Species Number and Endemism: The Galapagos Archipelago Revisited, Science 179(4076): 893–895.
str(ex1220)
str(ex1220)
The rise in abundance of algae in coastal waters is thought to be due to increases in nutrients such as nitrate and other forms of nitrogen. Researchers gathered data to gauge the evidence that nitrates in the discharges of rivers around the world are associated with human population density.
ex1221
ex1221
A data frame with 42 observations on the following 11 variables.
River
a character vector indicating the river
Country
a factor variable with 26 levels
Discharge
the estimated annual average discharge of
the river into an ocean (m per second)
Runoff
estimated annual average runoff from the
watershed (liters/(sec km
))
Area
watershed area (km)
Density
density of people (people/km)
NO3
nitrate concentration (M/l)
Export
nitrate export (product of runoff times nitrate concentration)
Dep
deposition (proportional to product of nitratrate precipitation times precipitation)
NPrec
nitrate precipitation (mol
NO
/(sec
km
))
Prec
precipitation (cm/year)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Cole, J.L., Peierls, B.L., Caraco, N.F. and Pace, M.L. (1993). Nitrogen Loading of Rivers as a Human-driven Process, in McDonnell, M.J. and Pickett, S.T.A. (eds.) Humans as Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas, Springer-Verlag.
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str(ex1221)
This data set contains the vote counts by county in Florida for Buchanan and for four other presidential candidates in 2000, along with the total vote counts in 2000, the presidential vote counts for three presidential candidates in 1996, the vote count for Buchanan in his only other campaign in Florida—the 1996 Republican primary, the registration in Buchanan's Reform party and the total political party registration in the county.
ex1222
ex1222
A data frame with 67 observations on the following 13 variables.
County
a character vector indicating the county
Buchanan2000
votes cast for Buchanan in 2000 presidential election
Gore2000
votes cast for Gore in 2000 presidential election
Bush2000
votes cast for Bush in 2000 presidential election
Nader2000
votes cast for Nader in 2000 presidential election
Browne2000
votes cast for Browne in 2000 presidential election
Total2000
total vostes cast in 2000 presidential election
Clinton96
votes cast for Clinton in 1996 presidential election
Dole96
votes cast for Dole in 1996 presidential election
Perot96
votes cast for Perot in 1996 presidential election
Buchanan96p
votes cast for Buchanan in 1996 Republican primary
ReformReg
the registration in Buchanan's Reform party
TotalReg
the total political party registration
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex1222)
str(ex1222)
About 65 million years ago, the dinosaurs suffered a mass extinction virtually overnight (in geologic time). Among many clues, one that all scientists regard as crucial is a layer of iridium-rich dust that was deposited over much of the earth at that time. The theory is that an event like a volcanic eruption or meteor impact caused a massive dust cloud that blanketed the earth for years killing off animals and their food sources. Dataset has Iridium depths by type of deposit.
ex1317
ex1317
A data frame with 28 observations on the following 3 variables.
Iridium
Iridium in samples (ppt)
Strata
a factor with levels "Limestone"
and
"Shale"
Depth
a factor with six levels: "1"
, "2"
,
..., "6"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Alvarez, W. and Asaro, F. (1990). What Caused the Mass Extinction? An Extraterrestrial Impact, Scientific American 263(4): 76–84.
Courtillot, E. (1990). What Caused the Mass Extinction? A Volcanic Eruption. Scientific American 263(4): 85–92.
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A 1989 study investigated the effect of heredity and environment on intelligence. Data are the IQ scores for adopted children whose biological and adoptive parents were categorized either in the highest or the lowest socioeconomic status category.
ex1319
ex1319
A data frame with 38 observations on the following 3 variables.
IQ
IQ scores of adopted children
Adoptive
a factor with levels "High"
and
"Low"
; the socioeconomic status of the adoptive parents
Biologic
a factor with levels "High"
and
"Low"
; the socioeconomic status of the biological parents
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Capron, C. and Duyme, M. (1991). Children's IQ's and SES of Biological and Adoptive Parents in a Balanced Cross-fostering Study, European Bulletin of Cognitive Psychology 11(3): 323–348.
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str(ex1319)
Data set on 861 ACT Assessment Mathematics Usage Test scores from 1987. The test was given to a sample of high school seniors who met one of three profiles of high school mathematics course work: (a) Algebra I only; (b) two Algebra courses and Geometry; and (c) two Algebra courses, Geometry, Trigonometry, Advanced Mathematics and Beginning Calculus.
These data were generated from summary statistics for one particular form of the test as reported by Doolittle (1989).
ex1320
ex1320
A data frame with 861 observations on the following 3 variables.
Sex
a factor with levels "female"
and
"male"
Background
a factor with levels "a"
, "b"
and "c"
Score
ACT mathematics test score
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Doolittle, A.E. (1989). Gender Differences in Performance on Mathematics Achievement Items, Applied Measurement in Education 2(2): 161–177.
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str(ex1320)
Researchers designed an experiment to investigate how delivery of brain cancer antibody is influenced by tumor size, antibody molecular weight, blood-brain barrier disruption, and delivery route.
ex1414
ex1414
A data frame with 36 observations on the following 6 variables.
Agent
a factor with levels "AIB"
, "DEX7"
and "MTX"
Treatment
a factor with levels "BD"
and
"NS"
Route
a factor with levels "IA"
and
"IV"
Days
days after inoculation
BAT
concentration of antibody in the part of the brain around the tumor
LH
concentration of antibody in the unaffected part of the brain
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Barnett, P.A., Roman-Goldstain, S., Ramsey, F., McCormick, C.I., Sexton, G., Szumowski, J. and Neuwelt, E.A. (1995). Differential Permeability and Quantitative MR Imaging of a Human Lung Carcinoma Brain Xenograft in the Nude Rat, American Journal of Pathology 146(2): 436–449.
str(ex1414)
str(ex1414)
Researchers designed an experiment to investigate how delivery of
brain cancer antibody is influenced by tumor size, antibody molecular
weight, blood-brain barrier disruption, and delivery route. The data
for the first replicate of this study is in ex1414
.
This is the second replicate for the study.
ex1415
ex1415
A data frame with 36 observations on the following 6 variables.
Agent
a factor with levels "AIB"
, "DEX7"
and "MTX"
Treatment
a factor with levels "BD"
and
"NS"
Route
a factor with levels "IA"
and
"IV"
Days
days after inoculation
BAT
concentration of antibody in the part of the brain around the tumor
LH
concentration of antibody in the unaffected part of the brain
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Barnett, P.A., Roman-Goldstain, S., Ramsey, F., McCormick, C.I., Sexton, G., Szumowski, J. and Neuwelt, E.A. (1995). Differential Permeability and Quantitative MR Imaging of a Human Lung Carcinoma Brain Xenograft in the Nude Rat, American Journal of Pathology 146(2): 436–449.
str(ex1415)
str(ex1415)
Corn yield trials were performed at four locations in Tennessee in 1999. Data shows the average yields for six hybrids at each of four locations.
ex1417
ex1417
A data frame with 30 observations on the following 3 variables.
Location
a factor with five levels: "Ames.irr"
,
"Ames.un"
, "Crossvill"
, "Knoxville"
and
"Milan"
Hybrid
a factor with six levels: "AsgrowRX799"
,
"Beck5912W"
, "Cargill7821"
, "FFR739W"
,
"NorthrupKing"
and "Pioneer"
Yield
average yield (bushels per acre)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station.
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str(ex1417)
Time series data set of annual counts of sunspots.
ex1509
ex1509
A data frame with 200 observations on the following 2 variables.
Year
year
Spots
number of sunspots
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Waldmeier, M. (1961). The Sunspot Activity in the Years 1610–1960, Federal Observatory, Zurich.
str(ex1509)
str(ex1509)
Several factors suggest that the incidence of melanoma is related to solar radiation. Data has the age-adjusted melanoma incidence among males from Connecticut Tumor Registry, 1936–1972.
ex1512
ex1512
A data frame with 37 observations on the following 3 variables.
Year
year
Melanoma
male melanoma incidence in number of cases per 100,000 population
Sunspot
sunspot relative number
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Houghton, A., Munster, E.W. and Viola, M.V. (1978). Increased Incidence of Malignant Melanoma After Peaks of Sunspot Activity, Lancet: 759–760.
str(ex1512)
str(ex1512)
Data on the annual numbers of lynx trapped in the Mackenzie River district of northwest Canada from 1821–1934.
ex1513
ex1513
A data frame with 114 observations on the following 3 variables.
Year
year
Lynx
number of lynx trapped
Spots
number of sunspots
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Elston, C. and Nicholson, M. (1942). The Ten Year Cycle in Numbers of the Lynx in Canada, Journal of Animal Ecology 11(2): 215–244.
str(ex1513)
str(ex1513)
Data shows the number of deaths due to firearms and the number of deaths due to motor vehicle accidents in the United States between 1968 and 1993.
ex1514
ex1514
A data frame with 26 observations on the following 3 variables.
Year
year
FirearmDeaths
deaths due to firearms (in thousands per year)
MotorVehicleDeaths
deaths due to motor vehicles (in thousands per year)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Data read from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention graph reported in The Oregonian, June 17, 1997.
str(ex1514)
str(ex1514)
Data on the value of a $1 U.S. stock investment in 1871 at the end of each year, based on the Standard and Poor (S&P) 500 Composite stock index.
ex1515
ex1515
A data frame with 129 observations on the following 2 variables.
Year
year
SPReturn
S&P composite stock index ($)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex1515)
str(ex1515)
Data are a subset from an observational, longitudinal, study on adopted children. Is child's intelligence related to intelligence of the biological mother and the intelligence of the adoptive mother?
ex1605
ex1605
A data frame with 62 observations on the following 6 variables.
AMED
adoptive mother's years of education
BMIQ
biological mother's score on IQ test
Age2IQ
IQ of child at age 2
Age4IQ
IQ of child at age 4
Age8IQ
IQ of child at age 8
Age13IQ
IQ of child at age 13
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Skodak, M. and Skeels, H.M. (1949). A Final Follow-up Study of One Hundred Adopted Children, Journal of Genetic Psychology 75: 85–125.
str(ex1605)
str(ex1605)
Adam Smith, in Wealth of Nations, observed that even religious monopolies become weak when they are not challenged by competition. Data to illustrate this point is from 21 countries in which the percentages of Catholics in the populations varied from a low 1.2% to a high 97.6%.
ex1611
ex1611
A data frame with 21 observations on the following 4 variables.
Country
a character vector indicating the country
PctCath
percent Catholics in the population
P2PRatio
priest to parishioner ratio
PctIndig
percent clergy indigenous
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Gill, A.J. (1994). Rendering unto Caesar? Religious Competition and Catholic Political Strategy in Latin America, 1962–79, American Journal of Political Science 38(2): 403–425.
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Samples of effluent were divided and sent to two laboratories for testing. Data are measurements of biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solid measurements obtained for 2 sample splits from the two laboratories.
ex1612
ex1612
A data frame with 11 observations on the following 4 variables.
ComBOD
biochemical oxygen demand measurements from commercial laboratory
ComSS
suspended solids measurements from commercial laboratory
StaBOD
biochemical oxygen demand measurements from state laboratory
StaSS
suspended solids measurements from state laboratory
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Johnson, R.A. and Wichern, D.W. (1988). Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis, Prentice-Hall.
str(ex1612)
str(ex1612)
Data are the measurements from two very similar species of flea beetle.
ex1613
ex1613
A data frame with 36 observations on the following 3 variables.
Jnt1
measurement of first joint in micrometers
Jnt2
measurement of second joint in micrometers
Species
a factor with levels "conc"
and
"heik"
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Lubischew, A.A. (1962). On the Use of Discriminant Functions in Taxonomy, Biometrics 18: 455–477.
str(ex1613)
str(ex1613)
Recent studies in the field of psychoimmunology suggest a link exists between behavioral events and the functioning of one's immune system. Data shows the results of a study on 12 subjects who were monitored during three distinct activities. The first activity consisted of neutral activity such as reporting tasks. During the second activity, subjects listened to audiotape exercises relating to images of heaviness, warmth in the body, relaxation, suggestions to remember happy events, etc. The third activity included a nonaudio tape follow up stimulus consisting of continued relaxation as in activity 2 and a verbal discussion of the positive aspects of the audiotape.
ex1614
ex1614
A data frame with 12 observations on the following 3 variables.
PhaseA
Interleukin-1 levels (counts per minute) from blood samples taken during activity A
PhaseB
Interleukin-1 levels (counts per minute) from blood samples taken during activity B
PhaseC
Interleukin-1 levels (counts per minute) from blood samples taken during activity C
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Keppel, W. (1993). Effects of Behavioral Stimuli on Plasma Interleukin-1 Activity in Humans at Rest, Journal of Clinical Psychology 49(6): 777–785.
str(ex1614)
str(ex1614)
Data shows a partial listing of a data set with ratios of average math to average verbal SAT scores in the United States and the District of Columbia for 1989 and 1996–1999.
ex1615
ex1615
A data frame with 51 observations on the following 6 variables.
State
a character vector indicating the state
M/V:89
average MATH SAT scores divided by average VERBAL SAT score in 1989
M/V:96
average MATH SAT scores divided by average VERBAL SAT score in 1996
M/V:97
average MATH SAT scores divided by average VERBAL SAT score in 1997
M/V:98
average MATH SAT scores divided by average VERBAL SAT score in 1998
M/V:99
average MATH SAT scores divided by average VERBAL SAT score in 1999
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex1615)
str(ex1615)
Actual pig fat and measurements of pig fat from magnetic resonance images at 13 locations for 12 pigs.
ex1708
ex1708
A data frame with 12 observations on the following 14 variables.
Fat
actual pig fat (in percent)
M1
magnetic resonance image at location 1
M2
magnetic resonance image at location 2
M3
magnetic resonance image at location 3
M4
magnetic resonance image at location 4
M5
magnetic resonance image at location 5
M6
magnetic resonance image at location 6
M7
magnetic resonance image at location 7
M8
magnetic resonance image at location 8
M9
magnetic resonance image at location 9
M10
magnetic resonance image at location 10
M11
magnetic resonance image at location 11
M12
magnetic resonance image at location 12
M13
magnetic resonance image at location 13
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Glasbey, C.A and Flowler, P.A. (1992). Regression Models Fitted Using Conditional Independence to Estimate Pig Fatness from Magnetic Resonance Images, The Statistician 41(2): 179–184.
str(ex1708)
str(ex1708)
Data show measures that differ among denominations of American Protestant and Catholic churches.
ex1713
ex1713
A data frame with 18 observations on the following 6 variables.
Denomination
a character vector indicating the church denomination
Distinct
distinctiveness (strictness of discipline on a seven point scale)
Attend
average percentage of weeks that individuals attended a church meeting (% weekly)
NonChurch
average number of secular organisations to which members belong
StrongPct
average percentage of members that describe themselves as being strong church members (%)
AnnInc
average income of members (US)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Iannaccone, L.R. (1994). Why Strict Churches Are Strong, American Journal of Sociology 99(5): 1180–1211.
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str(ex1713)
In the 1970's the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights investigated charges that insurance companies were attempting to redefine Chicago “neighborhoods” in order to cancel existing homeowner insurance policies or refuse to issue new ones. Dataset has data on homeowner and residential fire insurance policy issuances from 47 zip codes in the Chicago area.
ex1714
ex1714
A data frame with 47 observations on the following 8 variables.
Zip
last 2 digits of zip code
Fire
fires per 1000 housing units
Theft
thefts per 1000 population
Age
percentage of housing units built prior to 1940
Income
median family income
Race
percentage minority
Vol
number of new policies per 100 housing units
Invol
number of FAIR plan policies and renewals per 100 housing units
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Andrews, D.F. and Herzberg, A.M. (1985). Data: A Collection of Problems from many Fields for the Student and Research Worker, Springer-Verlag.
str(ex1714)
str(ex1714)
Survival times for two groups of lymphoma patients.
ex1914
ex1914
A data frame with 34 observations on the following 4 variables.
Months
months after diagnosis
Group
a factor with levels "no"
and
"radiation"
Survived
number of patients known to survive beyond this month
Died
number of patients known to die after this many months
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Neuwelt, E.A., Goldman, D.L., Dahlborg, S.A., Crossen, J., Ramsey, F., Roman-Goldstein, S., Braziel, R. and Dana, B. (1991). Primary CNS Lymphoma Treated with Osmotic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption: Prolonged Survival and Preservation of Cognitive Function, Journal of Clinical Oncology 9(9): 1580–1590.
str(ex1914)
str(ex1914)
Fictitious data set based on results of an experiment where subjects were randomly divided into two groups and given a placebo or vitamin c to take during the cold season. At the end of the cold season, the subjects were interviewed by a physician who determined whether they had or had not suffered a cold during the period. Skeptics interviewed the 800 subjects to determine who knew and who did not know to which group they had been assigned. Vitamin C has a bitter taste and those familiar with it could recognize whether their pills contained it.
ex1916
ex1916
A data frame with 4 observations on the following 4 variables.
Knew
a factor with levels "no"
and "yes"
Treatment
a factor with levels "placebo"
and
"vitC"
Cold
number of people who got a cold
NoCold
number of people who did not get a cold
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex1916)
str(ex1916)
Dataset from a study which investigated the added risk of breast cancer due to alcohol consumption. A sample of confirmed breast cancer patients were compared with a sample of cancer free women who were close in age and from the same neighborhood as the cases. Data was collected on the alcohol consumption and body mass of both sets of women.
ex1917
ex1917
A data frame with 6 observations on the following 4 variables.
Bodymass
a factor with levels "high"
,
"low"
and "medium"
Drinking
a factor with levels "high"
and
"low"
Cases
number of women with breast cancer
Controls
number of women without breast cancer
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Rosenberg, L., Palmer, J.R., Miller, D.R., Clarke, E.A. and Shapiro, S. (1990). A Case-Control Study of Alcoholic Beverage Consumption and Breast Cancer, American Journal of Epidemiology 131(1): 6–14.
str(ex1917)
str(ex1917)
In 1846 the Donner party became stranded while crossing the Sierra Nevada Mountains near Lake Tahoe. The data frame has the counts for male and female survivors for six age groups.
ex1918
ex1918
A data frame with 12 observations on the following 4 variables.
Age
a factor with six levels: "15-19"
,
"20-29"
, "30-39"
, "40-49"
, "50-59"
and
"60-69"
Sex
a factor with levels "female"
and
"male"
Lived
number that lived
Died
number that died
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Grayson, D.K. (1990). Donner Party Deaths: A Demographic Assessment, Journal of Anthropological Research 46: 223–242.
str(ex1918)
str(ex1918)
Data shows the numbers of compact sports utility vehicles involved in fatal accidents in the U.S. between 1995 and 1999, categorized according to travel speed, make of car (Ford or other), and cause of accident (tire-related or other).
ex1919
ex1919
A data frame with 8 observations on the following 4 variables.
Speed
a factor with levels "0-40"
,
"41-55"
, "56-65"
and ">65"
Make
a factor with levels "Ford"
and
"Other"
Other
cause of accident was other than tire-related
Tire
cause of accident was tire-related
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex1919)
str(ex1919)
This data frame contains the launch temperatures (degrees Fahrenheit) and an indicator of O-ring failures for 24 space shuttle launches prior to the space shuttle Challenger disaster of January 28, 1986.
ex2011
ex2011
A data frame with 24 observations on the following 2 variables.
Temp
Launch temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit)
Failure
Indicator of O-ring failure
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex2011)
str(ex2011)
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a genetically transmitted disease, passed from a mother to her children. Boys with the disease usually die at a young age; but affected girls usually do not suffer symptoms, may unknowingly carry the disease and may pass it to their offspring. It is believed that about 1 in 3,300 women are DMD carriers. A woman might suspect she is a carrier when a related male child develops the disease. Doctors must rely on some kind of test to detect the presence of the disease. This data frame contains data on two enzymes in the blood, creatine kinase (CK) and hemopexin (H) for 38 known DMD carriers and 82 women who are not carriers. It is desired to use these data to obtain an equation for indicating whether a women is a likely carrier.
ex2012
ex2012
A data frame with 120 observations on the following 3 variables.
Group
Indicator whether the woman has DMD ("Case"
) or
not ("Control"
)
CK
Creatine kinase reading
H
Hemopexin reading
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Andrews, D.F. and Herzberg, A.M. (1985). Data: A Collection of Problems From Many Fields For The Student And Research Worker, Springer-Verlag, New York.
str(ex2012)
str(ex2012)
A study examined the association between nesting locations of the Northern Spotted Owl and availability of mature forests. Wildlife biologists identified 30 nest sites. The researchers selected 30 other sites at random coordinates in the same forest. On the basis of aerial photographs, the percentage of mature forest (older than 80 years) was measured in various rings around each of the 60 sites.
ex2015
ex2015
A data frame with 60 observations on the following 8 variables.
Site
Site, a factor with levels "Random"
and
"Nest"
PctRing1
Percentage of mature forest in ring with outer radius 0.91 km
PctRing2
Percentage of mature forest in ring with outer radius 1.18 km
PctRing3
Percentage of mature forest in ring with outer radius 1.40 km
PctRing4
Percentage of mature forest in ring with outer radius 1.60 km
PctRing5
Percentage of mature forest in ring with outer radius 1.77 km
PctRing6
Percentage of mature forest in ring with outer radius 2.41 km
PctRing7
Percentage of mature forest in ring with outer radius 3.38 km
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Ripple W.J., Johnson, D.H., Thershey, K.T. and Meslow E.C. (1991). Old–growth and Mature Forests Near Spotted Owl Nests in Western Oregon, Journal of Wildlife Management 55(2): 316–318.
str(ex2015)
str(ex2015)
Hermon Bumpus analysed various characteristics of some house sparrows that were found on the ground after a severe winter storm in 1898. Some of the sparrows survived and some perished. This data set contains the survival status, age, the length from tip of beak to tip of tail (in mm), the alar extent (length from tip to tip of the extended wings, in mm), the weight in grams, the length of the head in mm, the length of the humerus (arm bone, in inches), the length of the femur (thigh bones, in inches), the length of the tibio–tarsus (leg bone, in inches), the breadth of the skull in inches and the length of the sternum in inches.
ex2016
ex2016
A data frame with 87 observations on the following 11 variables.
Status
Survival status, factor with levels
"Perished"
and "Survived"
AG
Age, factor with levels "adult"
and
"juvenile"
TL
total length (in mm)
AE
alar extent (in mm)
WT
weight (in grams)
BH
length of beak and head (in mm)
HL
length of humerus (in inches)
FL
length of femur (in inches)
TT
length of tibio–tarsus (in inches)
SK
width of skull (in inches)
KL
length of keel of sternum (in inches)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex2016)
str(ex2016)
The Catholic church has explicitly opposed authoritarian rule in some (but not all) Latin American countries. Although such action could be explained as a desire to counter repression or to increase the quality of life of its parishioners, A.J. Gill supplies evidence that the underlying reason may be competition from evangelical Protestant denominations. He compiled the data given in this data frame.
ex2017
ex2017
A data frame with 12 observations on the following 5 variables.
Stance
Catholic church stance, factor with levels "Pro"
and "Anti"
Country
Latin American country
PQLI
Physical Quality of Life Index in the mid-1970s; Average of live expectancy at age 1, infant mortality and literacy at age 15+.
Repress
Average civil rights score for the period of authoritarian rule until 1979
Compete
Percentage increase of competitive religious groups during the period 1900–1970
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Gill, A.J. (1994). Rendering unto Caesar? Religious Competition and Catholic Strategy in Latin America, 1962–1979, American Journal of Political Science 38(2): 403–425.
str(ex2017)
str(ex2017)
This data frame contains data on 1995 and later model compact sports utility vehicles involved in fatal accidents in the United States between 1995 and 1999, excluding those that were struck by another car and excluding accidents that, according to police reports, involved alcohol.
ex2018
ex2018
A data frame with 2321 observations on the following 4 variables.
Make
Type of sports utility vehicle, factor with levels
"Other"
and "Ford"
Vehicle.age
Vehicle age (in years); surrogate for age of tires
Passengers
Number of passengers
Cause
Cause of fatal accident, factor with levels
"Not_Tire"
and "Tire"
The Ford Explorer is a popular sports utility vehicle made in the United States and sold throughout the world. Early in its production concern arose over a potential accident risk associated with tires of the prescribed size when the vehicle was carrying heavy loads, but the risk was thought to be acceptable if a low tire pressure was recommended. The problem was apparently exacerbated by a particular type of Firestone tire that was overly prone to separation, especially in warm temperatures. This type of tire was a common one used on Explorers in model years 1995 and later. By the end of 1999 more than 30 lawsuits had been filed over accidents that were thought to be associated with this problem. U.S. federal data on fatal car accidents were analysed at that time, showing that the odds of a fatal accident being associated with tire failure were three times as great for Explorers as for other sports utility vehicles.
Additional data from 1999 and additional variables may be used to further explore the odds ratio. It is of interest to see whether the odds that a fatal accident is tire-related depend on whether the vehicle is a Ford, after accounting for age of the car and number of passengers. Since the Ford tire problem may be due to the load carried, there is some interest in seeing whether the odds associated with a Ford depend on the number of passengers.
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex2018)
str(ex2018)
The study the effect of context questions prior to target
questions, researchers conducted a poll involving 1,054 subjects
selected randomly from the Chicago phone directory. To include
possibly unlisted phones, selected numbers were randomly altered in
the last position. This data frame contains the responses to one of
the questions asked concerning continuing U.S. aid to the Nicaraguan
Contra rebels. Eight different versions of the interview were given,
representing all possible combinations of three factors at each of two
levels. The experimental factors were Context
, Mode
and
Level
.
Context
refers to the type of context questions preceding the
question about Nicaraguan aid. Some subjects received a context
question about Vietnam, designed to elicit reticence about having the
U.S. become involved in another foreign war in a third–world country.
The other context question was about Cuba, designed to elicit
anti–communist sentiments.
Mode
refers to whether the target question immediately followed
the context question or whether there were other questions scattered
in between.
Level
refers to two versions of the context question. In the
"high"
level the question was worded to elicit a higher level of
agreement than in the "low"
level wording.
ex2115
ex2115
A data frame with 8 observations on the following 5 variables.
Context
Factor referring to the context of the question preceding the target question about U.S. aid to the Nicaraguan Contra rebels
Mode
Factor with levels "not"
and
"scattered"
, "scattered"
is used if the target question
was not asked directly after the context question
Level
Factor with levels "low"
and
"high"
, refers to the wording of the question
M
Number of people interviewed
Percent
Percentage in favour of Contra aid
Increasingly, politicians look to public opinion surveys to shape their public stances. Does this represent the ultimate in democracy? Or are seemingly scientific polls being rigged by the manner of questioning? Psychologists believe that opinions—expressed as answers to questions—are usually generated at the time the question is asked. Answers are based on a quick sampling of relevant beliefs held by the subject, rather than a systematic canvas of all such beliefs. Furthermore, this sampling of beliefs tends to overrepresent whatever beliefs happen to be most accessible at the time the question is asked. This aspect of delivering opinions can be abused by the pollster. Here, for example, is one sequence of questions:
“Do you believe the Bill of Rights protects personal freedom?”
“Are you in favor of a ban on handguns?”
Here is another:
“Do you think something should be done to reduce violent crime?”
“Are you in favor of a ban on handguns?”
The proportion of yes answers to question 2 may be quite different depending on which question 1 is asked first.
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Tourangeau, R., Rasinski, K.A., Bradburn, N. and D'Andrade, R. (1989). Belief Accessibility and Context Effects in Attitude Measurement, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 25: 401–421.
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An experiment at the Marine/Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center at Oregon State University investigated the carcinogenic effects of aflatoxicol, a metabolite of Aflatoxin B1, which is a toxic by-product produced by a mold that infects cottonseed meal, peanuts and grains. Twenty tanks of rainbow trout embryos were exposed to one of five doses of Aflatoxicol for one hour. The data represent the numbers of fish in each tank and the numbers of these that had liver tumours after one year.
ex2116
ex2116
A data frame with 20 observations on the following 3 variables.
Dose
Dose (in ppm)
Tumor
Number of trout with liver tumours
Total
Number of trout in tank
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex2116)
str(ex2116)
The probability of a male birth in humans is about .51. It has previously been noticed that lower proportions of male births are observed when offspring is conceived at times of exposure to smog, floods or earthquakes. Danish researchers hypothesised that sources of stress associated with severe life events may also have some bearing on the sex ratio. To investigate this theory they obtained the sexes of all 3,072 children who were born in Denmark between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 1992 to women who experienced the following kind of severe life events in the year of the birth or the year prior to the birth: death or admission to hospital for cancer or heart attack of their partner or of their other children. They also obtained sexes on a sample of 20,337 births to mothers who did not experience these life stress episodes. This data frame contains the data that were collected. Noticed that for one group the exposure is listed as taking place during the first trimester of pregnancy. The rationale for this is that the stress associated with the cancer or heart attack of a family member may well have started before the recorded time of death or hospital admission.
ex2117
ex2117
A data frame with 5 observations on the following 4 variables.
Group
Indicator for groups to which mothers belong
Time
Indicator for time at which severe life event occurred
Number
Number of births
PctBoys
Percentage of boys born
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Hansen, D., Møller, H. and Olsen, J. (1999). Severe Periconceptional Life Events and the Sex Ratio in Offspring: Follow Up Study based on Five National Registers, British Medical Journal 319(7209): 548–549.
str(ex2117)
str(ex2117)
Researchers in Kenya identified a cohort of more that 1,000 prostitutes who were known to be a major reservoir of sexually transmitted diseases in 1985. It was determined that more than 85% of them were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in February, 1986. The researchers identified men who acquired a sexually-transmitted disease from this group of women after the men sought treatment at a free clinic. The data frame contains data on the subset of those men who did not test positive for HIV on their first visit and who agreed to participate in the study. The men are categorised according to whether they later tested positive for HIV during the study period, whether they had one or multiple sexual contacts with the prostitutes and whether they were circumcised.
ex2118
ex2118
A data frame with 4 observations on the following 5 variables.
Contact
Whether men had single or multiple contact with prostitutes
Circumcised
Whether the men are circumcised, factor with
levels "no"
and "yes"
HIV
Number of men that tested positive for HIV
Number
Number of men
NoHIV
Number of men that did not test positive for HIV
(should be Number
-HIV
)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Cameron, D.W., D'Costa, L.J., Maitha, G.M., Cheang, M., Piot, P., Simonsen, J.N., Ronald, A.R., Gakinya, M.N., Ndinya-Achola, J.O., Brunham, R.C. and Plummer, F. A. (1989). Female to Male Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I: Risk Factors for Seroconversion in Men, The Lancet 334(8660): 403–407.
str(ex2118)
str(ex2118)
This data frame gives the results of 10 separate case–control studies on the association of breast cancer and whether a woman had breast–fed children.
ex2119
ex2119
A data frame with 20 observations on the following 4 variables.
Study
Factor indicating the study from which data was taken
Lactate
Whether women had breast–fed children (lactated)
Cancer
Number of women with breast cancer
NoCancer
Number of women without breast cancer
Meta–analysis refers to the analysis of analyses. When the main
results of studies can be cast into 22 tables of counts,
it is natural to combine individual odds ratios with a logistic
regression model that includes a factor to account for different odds
from the different studies. In addition, the odds ratio itself might
differ slightly among studies because of different effects on
different populations or different research techniques. One approach
for dealing with this is to suppose an underlying common odds ratio
and to model between–study variability as extra–binomial variation.
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Data gathered from various sources by Karolyn Kolassa as part of a Master's project, Oregon State University.
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str(ex2119)
The data in this data frame are the number of cancer deaths among survivors of the atomic bombs dropped on Japan during World War II, categorised by time (years) after the bomb that death occurred and the amount of radiation exposure that the survivors received from the blast (Data from D.A. Pierce, personal communication.) Also listed in each cell is the person-years at risk, in 100s. This is the sum total of all years spent by all persons in the category.
ex22.20
ex22.20
A data frame with 42 observations on the following 4 variables.
Exposure
Estimated exposure to radiation (in rads)
Years
Years after exposure, factor with 7 levels
Deaths
Number of cancer deaths
Risk
Person-years at risk (in 100s)
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex22.20)
str(ex22.20)
Some sociologist suspect that highly publicised suicides may trigger additional suicides. In one investigation of this hypothesis, D.P. Phillips collected information about 17 airplane crashes that were known (because of notes left behind) to be murder–suicides. For each of these crashes, Phillips reported an index of the news coverage (circulation of nine newspapers devoting space to the crash multiplied by length of coverage) and the number of multiple-fatality plane crashes during the week following the publicised crash. This data frame contains the collected data.
ex2216
ex2216
A data frame with 17 observations on the following 2 variables.
Index
Index for the amount of newspaper coverage given the murder–suicide
Crashes
Multiple-fatality crashes in the week following a murder–suicide by plane crash
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Phillips, D.P. (1978). Airplane Accident Fatalities Increase Just After Newspaper Stories About Murder and Suicide, Science 201: 748–750.
str(ex2216)
str(ex2216)
When she died in 1817, the English novelist Jane Austen had not yet finished the novel Sanditon, but she did leave notes on how she intended to conclude the book. The novel was completed by a ghost writer, who attempted to emulate Austen's style. In 1978, a researcher reported counts of some words found in chapters of books written by Austen and in chapters written by the emulator. These data are given in this data frame.
ex2222
ex2222
A data frame with 24 observations on the following 3 variables.
Count
Number of occurrences of a word in various chapters of books written by Jane Austen and the ghost writer
Book
Title of books used
Word
Words used
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Morton, A.Q. (1978). Literary Detection: How to Prove Authorship and Fraud in Literature and Documents, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
str(ex2222)
str(ex2222)
On January 27, 1986, the night before the space shuttle Challenger exploded, an engineer recommended to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that the shuttle not be launched in the cold weather. The forecasted temperature for the Challenger launch was 31 degrees Fahrenheit—the coldest launch ever. After an intense 3-hour telephone conference, officials decided to proceed with the launch. This data frame contains the launch temperatures and the number of O-ring problems in 24 shuttle launches prior to the Challenger.
ex2223
ex2223
A data frame with 24 observations on the following 2 variables.
Temp
Launch temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit)
Incident
Numbers of O-ring incidents
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
str(ex2223)
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This data frame contains data on characteristics and numbers of failures observed in valve types from one pressurised water reactor.
ex2224
ex2224
A data frame with 90 observations on the following 7 variables.
System
System, factor with 5 levels
Operator
Operator type, factor with 4 levels
Valve
Valve type, factor with 6 levels
Size
Head size, factor with 3 levels (less than 2 inches, 2–10 inches and 10–30 inches)
Mode
Operation mode, factor with 2 levels
Failures
Number of failures observed
Time
Lengths of observation time
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Moore, L.M. and Beckman, R.J. (1988). Appropriate One-Sided Tolerance Bounds on the Number of Failures using Poisson Regression, Technometrics 30: 283–290.
str(ex2224)
str(ex2224)
As an example of field observation in evidence of theories of sexual selection, S.J. Arnold and M.J. Wade presented the following data set on size and number of mates observed in 38 bullfrogs.
ex2225
ex2225
A data frame with 38 observations on the following 2 variables.
Bodysize
Body size (in mm)
Mates
Number of mates
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Arnold, S.J. and Wade, M.J. (1984). On the Measurement of Natural and Sexual Selection: Aplications, Evolution 38: 720–734.
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Data frame contains the percentage of unsuccessful hatching from enclosures containing 150 eggs each in a study to investigate whether UV-B is responsible for low hatch rates.
ex2414
ex2414
A data frame with 71 observations on the following 4 variables.
Percent
percentage of frog eggs failing to hatch
Treat
factor variable with levels "NoFilter"
,
"UV-BTransmitting"
and "UV-BBlocking"
Location
factor variable with levels
"ThreeCreeks"
, "SparksLake"
, "SmallLake"
and
"LostLake"
Phtolyas
Photolyase activity
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
Blaustein, A.R., Hoffman, P.D., Hokit, D.G., Kiesecker, J.M., Walls, S.C. and Hays, J.B. (1994). UV Repair and Resistance to Solar UV-B in Amphibian Eggs: A Link to Population Declines? Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 91: 1791–1795.
str(ex2414)
str(ex2414)
If the option “pdfviewer” is set, this command will display the PDF version of the help pages.
Sleuth2Manual()
Sleuth2Manual()
Berwin A Turlach [email protected]
Ramsey, F.L. and Schafer, D.W. (2002). The Statistical Sleuth: A Course in Methods of Data Analysis (2nd ed), Duxbury.
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